Compensation Plan Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compensation Plan Outline - Essay Example Hence, companies try to adopt different compensation plans as per prevailing industry standards, work environment and employee expectations. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., under the brand name ‘Wal-Mart’ is an American multinational retail corporation. Being one of the largest retailers in the world, it runs chains of departmental stores and discount stores with large discounts. It can be declared as the world’s biggest private employer with 2.2 million associates worldwide. Hence, they ought to have a well planned compensation plan so as to motivate each associate to give their best. The competitive compensation package of Wal-Mart touched $5.2 billion last year in the United States. The employee wages are classified and structured depending on experience, skill set, problem-solving abilities and job accountability. Every associate is qualified to receive a ‘performance bonus’, based on the performance of their stores. A full - time employee is eligible to re ceive bonuses up to $1,800 at Wal-Mart per year. Also, the company is known to reward hourly associates and assistant managers who have completed 20 years of service in the company, thus motivating employees to give their long term service to the company. It is vital for a company to develop a broad minded outlook while making compensation plans for its employees. It is essential to consider health benefits and various saving plans for the associates apart from their regular weekly / monthly wages. These health benefits include the spouse and all children of the associates, hence taking care of the employee and his family. They also provide varied coverage, ranging from $5 per month to $8 per month depending on the region of work. Wal-Mart provides various ‘Profit share plans’ and ‘Stock purchase plans’ to help their employees earn money in a faster way (â€Å"Wages and Benefits†, 2007). However, Wal-Mart’s compensation strategy has been widel y debated and severely criticized for its low worker’s compensation, which is believed to be influential in its ability to sustain its low prices. There is no doubt that the low product prices greatly benefit Wal-Mart’s consumers, especially from lower to middle class families. Wal-Mart’s strategy has been observed to focus on opening stores in ‘lower income’ areas. This indicates the company’s intention to minimize on worker compensation, along with other factors such as retail and merchandizing. The opening of Wal-Mart stores in a new locality is seen to lower the general wages on an average by 0.5 – 0.8% per worker in the merchandizing sector and by 0.8 – 0.9% for grocery workers (Bernstein, Bivens and Dube, 2006). The compensation plan has been slammed for charges that female employees are paid less than their male counterparts despite their achievement of greater performance ratings. The compensation plan at Wal-Mart is str uctured in such a way that hourly jobs are paid less while management positions are paid better. The process of promotion is defined in such a manner that an employee must complete a ‘Management Training Program’ in order to be appraised to the position of an Assistant Manager. It has been noticed that the other big retailers are found to pay more wages compared to that of Wal-Mart. There have been reports of employee grievances that show wage increments of as low as 20

Cable Testing Essay Example for Free

Cable Testing Essay It is important to test the cables before you install them and after they are installed. Although there are many tools that are used for testing the cables in a network this paper is only going to talk about three. The first one is the multifunction cable scanner, they are available for testing both copper and fiber optic cable. One such model is the Hobbes 258898 it can test every pin of almost 20 often used cables from coax to 40 pin ribbon cables. It identifies opens, shorts and mis-wires at the pin level. With a multifunction cable tester you can perform a range of tests that you would normally need a few different testers to do. You can do wire-mapping, test for the length of the cable, test the attenuation, and you can test NEXT (near end crosstalk) for copper cables. They will also test for optical power and signal loss in fiber optic cables. A lot of the multifunction cable testers perform other more comprehensive test such as PS-NEXT, ACRF, PS-ACRF, delay skew, propagation skew, and return loss. The biggest advantage to them is that anyone can use one all you have to do is hook it up and press a button. The biggest advantage is also its biggest disadvantage if you don’t know the specifications of the cables you are installing. Unless you buy one that is configurable so that you can set it to the specifications that you need. The second tool is the Wire map tester. Wire mapping tools send signals through each wire in twisted pair cables and check to see if they are connected to the correct pins on each side. They are the most basic of the cable testing tools but are necessary to use because the most common cause of installation errors is not connecting the wires to the pins correctly. Wire mapping tools can detect broken or unconnected wires along with shorts in the wires all of which can make a wire not work. They are almost always part of multifunction cable testers but it is not always necessary to spend more money than you need to in order to perform this simple task. The third type of tool is a tone generator they are used to figure out which cable is which when you have multiple cables in one area not yet connected. A tone generator sends a signal done the cable you use the probe that when  it is touched to the correct wire will emit a tone that lets you know you have the right one. A tone generator will allow you to find shorts in the wires, mis-wiring and open wires. They are very time consuming to use and it is easier and faster to use a wire mapping tool rather than a tone generator. I believe that every installation kit should include a wire mapping tool and a multifunctioning tool. The reason is simple the multifunctioning tool can test for just about everything you need to test for concerning copper and fiber optic cable installation. The wire mapping tool though can be used for when you are just installing cables for voice communications, or if you have multiple people on a job they can both be using a tool at the same time. References TEST-i Multi Function Cable Tester (PC Cable Tester). (n.d.). 258898, $249.99. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://sewelldirect.com/TEST-i-Multi-Function-Cable-Tester-PC-Cable-Tester.asp Tone generators and probes— simple yet essential tools in your kit Cabling Install. (n.d.). Tone generators and probes— simple yet essential tools in your kit Cabling Install. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-10/issue-12/products-services/product-update/tone-generators-and-probesmdash-simple-yet-essential-tools-in-your-kit.html Wiring Tools Wire Crimper Map Testers Cable Testers Tone Generator firewall proxy | Network Media and Topologies | Comptia N+ Study Guide | Comptia. (n.d.). Wiring Tools Wire Crimper Map Testers Cable Testers Tone Generator firewall proxy | Network Media and Topologies | Comptia N+ Study Guide | Comptia. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://computernetworkingnotes.com/network-media-and-topologies/cabl e-wire-tools.html

Personal Narrative- Holiday Baking Tradition Essay -- Personal Narrati

Personal Narrative- Holiday Baking Tradition Traditions are reflections of beliefs, superstitions and the personality of a family. I stop short of saying that they are the soul of a family because my family can no longer celebrate these traditions, but the spirit of my family continues to be an integral part of my life, despite the distance that sets us apart. The soul of my family remains unharmed from the miles that deprive us of the opportunity to celebrate common traditions. Regardless of how far we are apart, there is one tradition that can overcome any lengthy amount of distance, and that is my Aunt Millie’s Cinnamon-pecan rolls. People move away from their extended families, and traditions can fade, which is why it is important to have a trademark that easily identifies your ...

A Study or Research on Depression and Anxiety Essay

I. Introduction ‘’ Anna† had been suffering from depression and anxiety attack since adolescence. Her depression started when her parents broke up while her anxiety attacks started her mother started working in Cebu, leaving Anna her psychological problems, but when she was 17, Anna did the ultimate act giving in to her depression, she committed to suicide by hanging. This true story brings home the reality of the problems of depression and anxiety that could afflict individuals regardless of age, status, race, social standing or gender, and the intensity and severity of the pain they bring that could be lead to the ultimate act of suicide. Even the great Sir Winston Churchill suffered from depression in his lifestyle. Severe depression marked by prolonged and very deep sorrow and lowered self-esteem, and anxiety, a serious state of deep worry and panic, affect a large number of individuals today. Shimberg (1991) identifies depression as â€Å" the most common biological disorder seen in psychiatry today that nobody can escape because people are either directly affected by it or try to cope with a  family member who is affected with depression† Aside from the ever-present danger and risk of suicide, depression and anxiety rob affected persons with loss of happiness and well being that could lead to physical, psychological and well social ailments. Many are prevented from going to school from finding or maintaining lucrative jobs, and from enjoying social activities with family and friends. All of these negative effects and fatal impact on depression and anxiety make this study highly significant. This aims to show that depression and anxiety when left undetected o untreated would lead to suicide among teenagers and adults alike. The second part of this study will present the salient facts about depression, its types, causes, risk factors, effects and dangers from suicide, as well as therapy and preventive measures to stop afflicted individuals from committing self-destruction. The next part will present all the facts about anxiety, the different types or manifestations, cause, risk factors, effects, dangers of suicide and also therapy and preventive measures.  The least part will focus on suicide. -the types and methods, the statistics of suicide due to depression and anxiety and the preventive measures that must be done by those nearest to the afflicted people with suicidal tendencies. II. Depression A.Definition Depression can be defined and described in various ways. Kyes and Hofling (1980) define it as a pathologic state, brought on the feelings of loss and/ or guilt and characterized by sadness and lowering of self-esteem. ¹It may also be simply defined as a brain disorder that affects thoughts, moods, feelings, behavior and physical health. More specifically, depression is best defined in terms of its attributes, or the observable signs, symptoms and charges it brings to an afflicted person. These include: (1) a marked alteration in mood such as sadness, loneliness and apathy; (2) a negative self-concept associated with self-reproaches and self-blame; (3) Regressive and self-punitive wishes such as the desires to escape, hide, or die; (4) vegetative changes including anorexia, insomnia, loss of libido ; and (5) change in activity level including retardation or agitation. ³ B.Types of Depression Today, psychiatrists categorize depression into the different types based on their characteristics. The first type termed Major depressive episode is marked by symptoms that appear without any cause that can be pinpointed. It prevents the person from doing normal daily activities and may be isolated (occur once) or recurrent. The second type called Manic episode is marked by dominating abnormal euphoria (extreme happy agitated state) or irritability. The third is Mixed episode marked by alternating mood, between mania depression for at least one week. This episode also goes by the name manic depression or bipolar disorder. The fourth and last in this group of psychiatric categories is Dysthymic disorder marked by the affected individual can still perform normal activities.⠁ ´ The reaction states in the depression are also classified in terms of state or intensity of impairment and disturbance. Neurotic depressive reaction is identified as a state of depression of neurotic intensity wherein realty testing is largely unimpaired and physiologic disturbances are mild. On the other hand, Psychotic depressive reaction is that state depression of psychotic intensity in which realities testing severely impaired and physiologic disturbances (vegetative signs) are usually conspicuous. The third state called Reactive depression is a depressive state which the precipitating stress can be clearly discerned and seen to be of some magnitude. The fourth state called Unipolar depression is a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of depression, usually of psychotic intensity, without episodes of mania.⠁ µ Another type of depression is called Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD. This is a pattern of major depression related to seasonal changes which might be caused by decreased levels of sunlight and increased melatonin (mood-controlling hormone) in the brain.⠁ ¶ Unlike SAD which can be explained by a biochemical cause the cause of depression and its various types and states difficult to pinpoint. Scientists and experts believe that a combination of factors such as genetic vulnerability, environmental factors, stress, physical illness, or neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain could lead to depression. The known causes of depression are inherited vulnerability; environmental triggers; medications; illnesses; personality; alcohol; nicotine; and drug abuse; and diet.⠁ ¶ Inherited vulnerability as cause of depression means that having a family history of depression increases the risk of developing depression. A person who has a parent or relative with this condition is in danger of getting bogged down with depression. Researchers have isolated several genes involved in bipolar depression, although not all with this negative heredity trait develops the problem. It has been clarified that there are other factors that can lead t depression and one of these are environmental triggers such as stressful life events including loss or death of a loved one, divorce, break up of a relationship, loss of a job, financial worries, and sickness or loss of health or independence.⠁ · Although depression just like stress, is a part of life, when the depression starts to control a person’s life for over two weeks and leads to passive behavior prolonged sorrow, lack of appetites and a loss of the general zest for living, then he or she has shifted from simply being depressed to suffering from depression. This type of depression caused by a situation, specific event or life changing situation is called reactive or situational depression.⠁ ¸ In addition to inherited vulnerability, environmental triggers and stressful  events or situations, personality traits can also be cause of depression having low self-esteem, being too dependent, self critical, pessimistic and negative, and being easily overcome by stress can make a person prone to depression.⠁ ¹ Also, medications and illnesses, as well as habits such as drinking alcohol, smoking and drug abuse as well as poor dietary habits can also cause depression. Prolonged use of certain medications such as beta blocker propanolol or Inderal, some blood pressure medicines and drugs for treating arthritis and Parkinson’s disease may cause depression. Sometimes, steroid medications such as Prednisone and oral contraceptives, and anti-cancer medicines can also being on depression. Those chronically sick from heart disease are also greater risk for suffering from full blown depression. This connection between heart disease and hypothyroidism has been established by studies. ¹Ã¢  ° Studies also found that contrary to previous beliefs, people did not turn to alcohol, nicotine or drugs to get comfort from depression but it is these substances that make them prone to depression and anxiety disorders. Studies found that about 30% of depressives and 60% of bipolar depressives abuse alcohol and drugs. Moreover other bad habits such as not eating well and lack of foliate and Vitamin B-12 may also result in depressive symptoms. ¹Ã‚ ¹ With the various cause of depression cited above and one might ask what the risk factors are and who are at risk for depression. Shimberg (1991) point to stages in life that might trigger the problem including forced retirement; being left behind by children who get married or leave for school; becoming an adolescent. These life stages and occurrences individuals at the risk for depression. Childhood depression and post depression are forms of depression that often do not get recognized. ¹Ã‚ ² Moreover, according to Kyes (1980), some research had indicated that depression and bipolar disorders might earlier by experts. This indication is linked to increase in the adolescent suicide rate in recent years. ¹Ã‚ ³ Experts also warn that outside of those already mentioned as at risk for  depression because of the altered stage in life, families of those who are depressed at most at risk for depression. The reason for this is the destruction that depression cause on the depressed and all family members round them: damage to relationships, end to careers, lost dreams and chaos and torment for the family. So mothers of depressed children become depressed, and children of depressed parents also become more likely to get depressed. ¹Ã¢  ´ In terms of age, race, status, gender and other factors, experts point out that depression can affect all ages and all races, but typically the first episode occurs between the ages of 25 and 44. Although older people are no more at risk than other age groups, depression are higher among single individuals and those not in long-term relations- among divorced people and those who live alone. Women are more prone to major depression, dysthemia and seasonal affective disorder. It is said that one out of four women will experience some type of depression so women are at 25% higher risk, although both genders have about the same risk for bipolar depression.  ¹Ã¢  µ More important than knowing the risk factors causes of depression is knowledge of preventive measures and the signs and symptoms of depression so that its negative effects and serious impact can be avoided. When left untreated and undetected, depression can result only in the worst consequences of disability, dependency and even suicide. Statistics reveals that as high as 70 percent (70%) of people who committed suicide may have some form of depression. ¹Ã¢  ¶ D.Effects and Dangers of Suicide Indeed, the impact of depression is severe because it negatively affects all aspects of health and depresses thinking, moods, feelings and behavior, as well as weakens physical health. The depressed person loses interest in normal day to day activities and experience lack of pleasures in activities previously enjoyed. This loss of happiness is called anhedonia; it erases all the enjoyment previously experienced in life. Hence, the depressed person feels very sad, helpless and hopeless and suffers from crying spells.  These effects last for a long time.  ¹Ã¢  · In addition to the above major affects of depression, the afflicted individual also suffers from disturbed sleep; marked less or gain in weight; agitation or slowed body movements; fatigue; diminished self-esteem; persistent thoughts of death and suicide; impaired thinking or concentration and loss of libido or interest in sex. Depressed individuals either sleep too much or suffer from insomnia. They may wake up in the middle of the night or at dawn and not fall asleep again. They often become agitated, irritable and easily gets angered at little things. On the opposite extremes, they become robot like, moving slowly and speaking in a monotone. They feel fatigued and weary, filled with guilt and feelings of worthlessness. Because of these, they think of suicide and not death, unable to make the right decisions and forgetting things. They lose interest in sexual relations. It is when they become overwhelmed that depressed individuals commit suicide. ¹Ã¢  ¸ A study by Cassidy, Flamegon and Spellman (1957) found that 58% of depressed individuals were psychologically affected, often saying that they had nothing to look forward to, were afraid to be alone, could not remember anything, had black moods and blind rages, felt all mixed up, very unhappy or simply brooded around the house. Some (18%) felt that their head was heavy, pressured in the throat or had headaches. Some left a pain in the head like a balloon about to burst urinated frequently and had upset stomach. A few (11%) felt tired, exhausted or jumpy. They confessed to inability to do work, lack of strength and trembling like a leaf. A small number (2%) experience a mixture of medical and psychological problems such as getting scared and not being able to breath, suffering from stiff necks and loss of power, feeling a weakness in their arms. ¹Ã¢  ¹ In the major form of depression, depressed persons become so fatigued that they sleep throughout the day and night. They are unable to work or do simple chores due to exaggerated sadness and lack of lethargy that cannot overcome. Compounding their depressive feelings are those of worthlessness, excessive guilt and receiving thoughts of suicide affected by the lifetime  of these major depressive effects are 5-12 out of 100 men and 10-26 of women. The American Psychological association (APA, 1994) also point slowly increasing severity of the problem. Maj. Et al. (1992) state that about 75% of those who suffer from a depressive episode may suffer it again within five years . ²Ã¢  ° People who suffer from bipolar disorder or manic depression marked by alternating moods of depression and mania are affected differently. In this period of a manic episode, they become restless and feel energetic even with only three hours of sleep. They become very talkative, with racing thoughts and flighty ideas. They easily get distracted and increase their social work, school or sexual activities. They also become excessively involved in pleasurable activities that could lead to painful consequences such as uncontrollable buying sprees, sexual indiscretions or foolish business investments. All these can affect their work and social relationships. ²Ã‚ ¹ Less marked affects can be seen in the people with dysthemia or chronic low-level depression. While they may also suffer from disturbed sleep, energy and self-esteem, they are not debilitated; those who suffer from it often lack self-confidence or motivation and remain in abusive relationships. ²Ã‚ ² E.Therapy and Prevention Because depression especially major episodes can lead to suicide, treatment measures must be followed starting with techniques including giving of tranquilizing drugs for mania or antidepressant drugs for depressions, electroconvulsive therapy, milieu therapy, occupational and recreational therapies, and supportive psychotherapy. In addition to these, the most important treatment objective is to change whatever underlying personality problems are causing the depression through psychoanalysis or psychotherapy. ²Ã‚ ³ Three specific forms of psychotherapy that can effectively treat depression are cognitive therapy, behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy.  These are combinations of one of the recommended such as tricyclics or selective serotonin reuptake inhabitations can effectively treat the condition. Other specified forms of treatment are electroconvulsive therapy and phototherapy for seasonal depression. ²Ã¢  ´ The type of treatment given to a depressed person depends on the physiological symptoms that can be observed including disturbance of sleep or loss of the desire to eat. In such cases, anti depressant medications that act to increase the amount of nor epinephrine, serotonin or both available in the synapses. These substances identified as neurotransmitters are found in decreased amounts in depression. Antidepressants that have been found effective are tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidate (MAO) inhibitions and selective serotonin reuptake inhabitations (SSRIS). The SSRIS are preferred because of fewer side effects and they are better tolerated for longer treatment. One example is Prozac. For those suffering from bipolar depression, lithium is usually given in all cases where these medications are used; care should be taken to prevent patients from using them in suicide attempts. ²Ã¢  µ The need to prevent depressed individuals from suicide attempts cannot be overemphasized. Statistics reveals that about 15% of the population experiences major depression and some point in life, putting them at risk for suicide. This danger increases due to the fact that depression is often not diagnosed, or when diagnosed, it is not treated adequately. Physicians need to always assess the risk of suicide by direct questioning because patients often fail to put their thoughts into words if they are not encouraged to do so. When such specific plans of suicide are discovered and if significant risk factors exist such as a past record of suicide attempts, deep hopelessness, accompanying medical illness, substance abuse, or social isolation and loneliness, the patient or depressed individual must be referred right away to a mental health specialist. The physicians should try to dig deeper with hope and empathy in dealing with the depressed patient, and become sensitive to hidden feelings denial a [atient who shows signs of anxiety, panic or agitation is at significantly increased risk of suicide. Almost 15% of patients with untreated depression will commit suicide but  majority of these will have asked for help within a month of their suicide. ²Ã¢  ¶ Because of the ever present danger and risk of suicide among depressive individuals, therapy and treatment should be implemented with clear steps for preventive measures. These include providing a safe environment to protect them from self-injury or suicide; providing a structured environment to encourage the patients to engage in daily and recreational activities ; to reactivate their interests away from personal concerns ; and to motivate them for the treatment and introduce psychotherapy and occupational therapy always, the doctors and caregivers should aim at building trust through one-to-one relationships, showing interest and giving positive support to help build the patients ego and self-esteem. They have to help provide adequate nutrition, sleep and exercise for the patients. ²Ã¢  · IV. Anxiety A. Definition Aside from and often occurring with depression are feelings of anxiety, best described as â€Å" an abnormal and overwhelming signs such as sweating, tension, and increased pulse ; by doubt concerning the reality of the threat ; and by self-doubt concerning one’s capacity to cope with it.  ²Ã¢  ¸ It must be pointed out that anxiety is a normal and useful feeling when it warns of possible danger, but uncontrollable anxiety becomes a disorder when the affected person becomes bombarded with intense, frequent and continuous false alarms. These false alarms may result in dysfunctional avoidance behavior such as refusal to leave the house for fear of a panic attack. Such anxiety disorders are reported as most frequently occurring type of mental disorders in the general population as reported by the American Psychological Association (1994). About 5% of the population suffers from acute or chronic anxiety, with women twice more likely to be affected. More than two percent (2%) of Americans for example have generalized anxiety disorder and are persistently axioms and disturbed. They become excessively and unrealistically worried about life circumstances. About a third of the populations also have at least one irrational or unreasonable fear or phobia. ²Ã¢  ¸ Such exaggerated worry often goes together with depression, which experts think is also caused by imbalance of neurotransmitters. As opposed to normal worry that encourages people to plan and prepare for the future, and to get financial security for the family and the future, anxiety disorders lead to feelings of apprehension, nervousness and nagging uneasiness that resemble a heart attack, accompanied by fast heartbeat, palpitations, seating and dizziness. People with anxiety disorders may also suffer from headaches, insomnia and relentless fatigue. ²Ã¢  ¹ B.Types of Anxiety Anxiety disorders are usually classified as generalized or free floating anxiety; phobic anxiety; or panic attacks. Free floating anxiety refers to morbid states of anxiety that are relatively persistent and generalized. On the other hand, phobic anxiety refers to directed of focused anxiety which is an unreasonable and unfounded fear of an object or situation that leads to avoidance situation. Such phobias are of three main categories. The first are phobias of specific objects or situations such as fear of thunder, spiders, etc. The second are social phobias connected to social situations such as speaking or eating in public; while the third is agoraphobia, anxiety of leaving ones home or familiar surroundings and being in crowded place. The last major category of anxiety disorders, panic attacks, refer t brief but very intense attacks of anxiety. ³Ã¢  ° Such panic attacks are or panic disorders are distinguished from real panic because the intense fear and feelings of doom or terror are not justified by the situation. These attacks are accompanied by shortness of breath, dizziness, heart palpitations, trembling, chest pains and even fear dying or going crazy. ³Ã‚ ¹ In the related disorder called agoraphobia mentioned earlier, the fear is connected to inability to escape such as from crowded grocery stores, elevators, a bridge, or a train, car or bus. The investigating factor is fear of having a panic attack in a public place; hence the afflicted person  avoids leaving home altogether. A similar anxiety disorder is obsessive- compulsive Disorder which is characterized by recurring obsessions and compulsions that lead to severe distress that interfere with life. Obsessions are persisting thoughts or ideas like the notion of a terrible accident about to happen to a loved one or that underwear is filled with germs compulsions and intentional behaviors or mental acts performed to act on an obsession, often as a magical technique to world off the obsessive threat, such as taking a bath over or washing the hands repeatedly. Those with OCD give in to irresistible acts that they perform repeatedly even if they know are irrational. ³Ã‚ ² One type anxiety disorder that has become common is Post- traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. This is marked by flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of a psychologically distressing experience outside the range of usual human experience such as seeing someone killed; being tortured; being raped; or losing one’s home in tsunami or natural disaster. The signs include nightmares, flashbacks, lessened responsiveness to the world, and psychological numbness. ³Ã‚ ³ C.Causes and Risk Factors of Anxiety Whether anxiety is generalized or free-floating, phobic, obsessive- compulsive or caused by traumatic stress or panic attack, it is often exaggerated worry that goes together with depression. Hence, like depression, it is also caused by an imbalance in neurotransmitters as experts believe. ³Ã¢  ´ Also, like depression, anxiety disorders can be traced to several root causes including genetic vulnerability, and environmental factors. Family studies have shown that genetic factors. Family studies have shown that genetic factors and heredity contribute to anxiety disorders such as panic, simple phobia and obsessive-compulsive. People suffering from anxiety disorders have family members with anxiety and mood disorders. This generic vulnerability is believed to be due to mechanisms involving the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. Obsessive- compulsive  syndromes, for example, have been found to be the result of imbalance among neurotransmitter systems. As for environment, growing eyes in a home with pathologically anxious parents or family members give a significant environmental risk for anxiety disorders. ³Ã¢  µ One group of anxiety disorders, the phobias, can be traced to traumatic or painful roots. Psychiatrists believe that they often result from one single incident that was very frightening, painful or traumatic enough to leave a scar in the unconscious mind, one famous example was Rita Hayworthis phobia for riding elevators. A famous actress, she was once trapped in a lift in a tall building in Madrid when all of sudden, it plunged 20 floors down before the emergency brakes worked. After this event, she developed a phobia for elevators and moved only ride escalators or go to the event of walking up to a destination. She confessed that even thinking above riding an elevator would make her feel cold; she had developed claustrophobia. ³Ã¢  ¶ However, experts also point out that phobias maybe caused by a series of disturbing experiences or situations. This series of unpleasant, frightening events can deeply ingrain the fear in a person’s subconscious mind. One example is the case of famous Mike Douglas who developed acrophobia or fear of flying. At the first, he saw gasoline pawing out of the gas tanks of a B-24 Liberator he had to ride on a assignment. Although the plane did not burn the sight of gasoline hitting the airplane’s wings terrified him. On another tour, the plane he rode on lost an engine and they had to crash-land. Douglas had to be carried from the wreckage and since these two experiences, he had developed from the wreckage and since these two experiences, he had developed acrophobia. ³Ã¢  · In addition to different types of phobias, teenagers can develop anxieties because of difficulties connected with their struggles with issues of freedom and separation from parents, and the need to establish their personal identity. Teenagers often experience fear, ambivalence, and confusion about assuming the role of adults, and these may result in deep emotional conflicts and anxieties. High degree of anxiety among teenagers may be indicated by their overly passive, compliant and conforming  behaviors. ³Ã¢  ¸ Oftentimes, anxiety is caused by exaggerated concerns with the possibility of being physically or emotionally hurt in the future. For example, a student suffering from anxiety would experience continual thoughts of failing in a coming test and everyone thinking that he is stupid. ³Ã¢  ¹ D.Effects of anxiety and Dangers of Suicide Like depression, anxiety has harmful effects on the affected individual. They might feel apprehensive and nervous, troubled by nagging and constant uneasiness about the future. Attacks of anxiety are similar to a heart attack accompanied by rapid heartbeat, palpitations, sweating and dizziness. Anxious people also from headaches, insomnia, and relentless fatigue. When left untreated, anxiety disorders increase the risk for hypertension and heart disease.⠁ ´Ã¢  ° In the case of phobias, the extreme fright results in physical changes including quickening of heartbeat and responses, dilation of the pupils, and pouring of large amounts of energy producing adrenalin.⠁ ´Ã‚ ¹ This response is called the Flight or Fight response and is commonly known to become harmful to health when prolonged. In the case of teenagers, those suffering from anxiety often become preoccupied with physical complaints and feelings. They experience disturbed interpersonal relationships and become plagued and bothered by unrealistic fears. Because they cannot express their fears and anxiety, they may act out their feelings through dysfunctional behaviors like aggression, juvenile or drugs, and truancy. But the worse impact of anxiety is suicide.⠁ ´Ã‚ ² Indeed, the danger of suicide due to anxiety cannot be ignored. A study conducted in Sweden involving 3000 patients suffering from anxiety disorders found that before they reached 70 years old, one third or about 1000 died because of suicide. Hence, anxiety disorders predisposed affected people to commit suicide. ⠁ ´Ã‚ ³ E.Therapy and Prevention To relieve suffering and prevent suicide, proper management of anxiety attacks, treatment techniques and preventive measures must be followed by the afflicted individual and those who care for them. Persons affected by anxiety can learn the techniques of muscle relaxation and biofeedback. They have to take prescribed anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitions (SSRIs) and buspirone (bulpar) to help relieve anxiety symptoms.⠁ ´Ã‚ ³ According to western (1996), benzodiazepines are useful for short-term treatment of anxiety symptoms. The earliest medicine of this type was valium but this has since been replaced by alprazolen or xanax which is more effective in treating panic symptoms. These medications increase the activity of GABA neurotransmitters that inhibits activation throughout the nervous system. Hence, anxiety is reduced by increasing inhibitory neurotransmitters. In the case of panic disorder, psychiatrists prescribe antidepressant medications for faster relief of anxiety.⠁ ´Ã¢  µ In addition to medications which can be habit forming, those suffering from phobias can turn to other techniques to combat phobias. Trudy weirs man, director of the Phobia Workshop in New York suggests an eight-step plan to fight phobias. The plan includes the following steps; â€Å"(1) accepting the phobia; (2) Realizing that phobia cannot kill; (3) Not running and focusing instead on the present situation; (4) Making a chart of feelings and thoughts during a phobic situation; (5) Relaxation using the tighten-relax method; (6) Keeping in touch with reality to divert attention such us opening mail; (7) Belief in one’s own ability to function with fear levels; (8) Seeking professional help when all else fails’’ ⠁ ´Ã¢  ¶ However, it must be pointed out that the anxious individuals need all the help they can get. Those who come in contact with the, especially parents,  teacher and guidance counselors must be careful and be very cautious with teenagers rather the ignore behavior that often signs of serious disturbance and anxiety. For example, a teenager was suspended from school because of tribal rebellion, truancy and drug use. In the absence of social support from school officials and friends, the teenager overdosed on a bottle of pills in an attempt to commit suicide. The treatment revealed problems of depression.⠁ ´Ã¢  · People who come in control with anxious or depressed individuals must be aware of suicidal wishes that are expressed. Such suicidal wishes are extreme expressions of the desire to escape the suffering they imagine in the future and the burdens they believe they are placing on their families. In order to lighten the burden of suffering, hopelessness and mistaken ideas of the facility of their lives, the guidance counselor, teacher or psychiatrist must help the anxious person to examine their reasoning and think about alternative solutions to their problem. They must be guide in correcting their mistaken ideas about things that make them feel hopeless burden that add to their family’s sufferings once they recognize that there is a hope or alternative way, they will be motivated and forget about suicidal thought.⠁ ´Ã¢  ¸ Indeed, the need to correctly assess those people who are in danger of committing suicide and to follow the strategies to prevent them from putting into action suicidal thoughts cannot be overemphasized. School Nurses especially need to be vigilant in diagnosing teenagers with suicidal tendencies. The signs and symptoms of emotionally disturbed teenagers include the following. Social isolation related to inability to engage in personal relationships; Potential for self-directed violence related to suicidal behavior; Anxiety related to situational or maturational crisis; IV. Suicide A.Methods and types of suicide Mass media have successfully raised the awareness of people about the various methods and types of suicide. Some intentionally cause their own death directly by using firearms, knives, or poison while others hang themselves. There are also those who commit suicide indirectly by continuous intake of harmful substances such as alcohol, drugs or tobacco, though most people are aware only of direct suicide. Other types of suicide that have become well-publicized are euthanasia (doctor assisted suicide) and teen age suicide. The issue of teenage suicide has raised to the forefront with the case of the teenager committing suicide in a Pampanga mall recently. B.Statistics of Suicide Gelman (1994) cited in Smith (1992) reported that in the United States of America alone, about 30,000 people die from suicide every. Belluck (1998) cited in Smith (1992) reported that suicide ranked as the 8th leading cause of death among young people in the 15-24 age range. Among adolescents, there has been a marked increase in suicide rate since 1950. ⠁ ´Ã¢  ¹ In addition, statistics reveal that for every successful suicide, there are 5-10 attempted suicides. Moreover, women are reported to make more suicide attempts than men, but four times as many men actually commit suicide. Suicide cases have been increasing in both the teenage and elderly age group.⠁ µÃ¢  ° Furthermore, out of the estimated 30,000 people who actually committed suicide in the United States, 10-50 percent or about half suffer from major depression. For depressed people, the most dangerous time for suicide is when they are already to come out and recover the depression. When they are severely depressed, they are weakened and emotionally paralyzed so that they could not act on the impulse to kill themselves.⠁ µÃ‚ ¹ Just like depression, the anxiety disorders also predispose people to suicide and place them at risk for untimely death. As stated earlier, a study conducted in Sweden found that of more than 3000 impatient who have been  diagnosed with anxiety disorders, about one third or 1000 deaths before age 70 were due to suicide. Aside from those suffering from depression and anxiety disorders, those suffering from schizophrenia and personality disorders also die from suicide. Suicide is the primary cause of death among schizophrenics who are often faced with alienation and homelessness. Those with personality disorders are also prone to suicide because of the chaos and social problems they encounter in life. C.Preventive Measures In order to prevent individuals afflicted with depression, anxiety and other disorders from committing suicide, careful assessment of their status has to he made. Those near to them must recognize the level to depression or anxiety and the potential for suicide. Also, the presence of suicide ideation or thoughts of suicide have to be determined. The behaviors of these afflicted individuals have to be observed closely to note any clues to possible suicide. Most of the time, the person concerned will talk about suicide plans. Hence, it is important that a anxious individuals from self-destructive acts. Care must be taken especially at times when the patients depression in lifting. Support and care must be established so that the afflicted persons will know that those around them are concerned about their welfare. At all times, the depressed and anxious must be encouraged to express their feelings and anger. Relevant questions must be asked such as: â€Å"Do you wish your well dead?†, etc. All concerned should recognize such continued desire to commit suicide. More importantly, those around afflicted individuals should help increase their self-esteem by focusing on their strengths and success a structured schedule and involvement in activities with others should be helpful, as well as a structured plan to use to cope with future suicidal thoughts. The client should be helped to plan for continued professional help to relieve depression and anxiety in order to fully prevent suicide. In the case of teenagers, those educators, social workers, psychiatrists and others near them should help prevent teenage suicide by taking note of the risk factors and signs of suicide. These signs include changes in their behavior, anger,  irritability, depression, sadness, withdrawal, changes in eating and sleeping habits, and preoccupation with death are the other signs of suicidal tendencies. Those young people who are contemplating suicide often report headaches, stomach aches and ailments and also talk about killing themselves. IV. Conclusion In the end, public health workers and care givers could not be less vigilant in assessing suicide risks and in implementing measures to prevent suicide among others people suffering from depression, anxiety disorders and others disorders and severe stress. This is especially there in hospitals and health agencies. For example, a patient who had undergone mastectomy became quiet and withdrawn after a mastectomy operation upon learning that confirmation of cure would take months, she refused to eat and eaten jumped out of a window. Those who are most prone to depression and anxiety leading to suicide are those with chronic or incurable disease with loss or severe damage to body parts, and those with other concerns in addition to illness such as death of loved one, loss of property, divorce, separation and other overwhelming problems. The severity of depression and anxiety will depend on the evens catastrophe, or critical incident that has occurred. Whatever the case, the caregivers must always be aware of the damage from suicide. In conclusion, those concerned with individuals who are likely to commit suicide have to be aware of points at which to repeat suicide assessments. These individuals at a time prior/ before sustained therapentic response; first 6 months after hospital discharge; in presence of a new, painful, or disabling medical condition; in the presence of anxiety, panic or substances abuse; at evidence of relapse or recurring symptoms; at times of major stresses, losses, threats or shame inducing events; with comorleid personality disorders; or coming out of acute risk factors. Suicide, as what statistics has shown in recent years, have been increasing at a fat rate and is becoming more common especially among the young; but, it could be prevented with prompt and appropriate intervention. Depression  and anxiety, the most common causes of suicide, when left unchecked and untreated could lead to suicide among teenagers and adults alike. Hence, it is important for all who come in contact with depressed and anxious individuals to encourage them to undergo therapy and treatment.

Negetive Effects of Technology Essay

In this century that we are living, there are many different ways to communicate and interact with the people we need. New developed technologies have made our lives much easier than the old days. Many people prefer to look at a screen and explore new things, do our homework, chat with our close ones, listen to a song, watch a movie, buy new clothes and so on. These are the things that we can do. Moreover, it saves time and money. One of the important decisions we make is to work at home in front of a computer. However, high developed technology has disadvantages like if we look at a screen it is bad for you health, we do not know if it is true and guaranteed for hundred percent. First, when we speak of the impact of technology on society, we always talk about the positive effects of technology and about how technology has made life easy. We talk about the Internet as an information resource and a communication platform and conveniently ignore the fact that an overexposure to it leads to Internet addiction. We often discuss how technology has made life easy but easily forget that it has made us overly dependent on it. see more:is technology making us lazy Have you thought of the impact of technology from this point of view? I am sure, most of you haven’t. Let us look at this aspect of technology here. People will (and are beginning to) miss out on face-to-face contact and thus their social skills will decline. It is possible that after decades of having no, or extremely limited human contact, that we will loose the ability to read body language. This could cause all sorts of misunderstandings and problems. Secondly, depending on a screen rather than meeting face-to-face is very bad for health. It will make our spine back ill. Sitting for long hours and looking to a screen also makes our eye bad. When i was little i played and watched movies on a computer for long hours because it is was fun. Since then my eye kept getting bad and i had to wear glasses. It really annoys me a lot when i play basketball and to run in the morning. What’s more, four days ago my back hurt because school started and i have been sitting for long hours and been looking at a computer screen Having limited human contact will cause us to have even less trust in others, and in turn, we will be even less friendly and even more stand-offish. Thirdly, for people who do their works by using the internet has also bad sides to the society. We are getting lazy and not going outside for a walk. Our movement gets limited only in our home. Also, it is making the person isolated from the society outside which the he or she is might become lonely just communicating with the computer. My best friend’s big brother doesn’t have any friends to go out with because he spends all of his time on he computer. I think it is a very bad habit for him to get isolated from the real life. Think of the days when there were no computers and no modern means of transport. Human life was highly restricted due to the unavailability of technological applications. Daily life involved a lot of physical activity. Life of the common man was not as luxurious as that of modern times, but he was more active. Exercise was integrated into routine physical activities. It was contrary to the sedentary lifestyle of today, which leaves no time for exercise and fills days with inactivity and laze. Today we don’t want to, and thanks to technology, don’t even need to, walk, move around or exert physically to get things done. We have the world is at our fingertips. We think of technology as a boon to society. I am afraid; it’s not completely a boon. The Internet has bred many unethical practices like hacking, spamming and phishing. Internet crime is on the rise. The Internet, being an open platform lacks regulation. There is no regulation on the content displayed on websites. Internet gambling has become an addiction for many students. Overexposure to the Internet has taken its toll. In this virtual world, you can be who you are not, you can be virtually living even after you die. Isn’t this weird? Children are spending all their time playing online and less or almost no time playing on the ground. Youngsters are spending most of their time social networking, missing on the joys of real social life. Moreover, we have become excessively dependent on technology. Is so much of dependency good? Is it right to rely on machines to such an extent? Is it right to depend on computers rather than relying on human intellect? Computer technology and robotics are trying to substitute for human intellect. With the fast advancing technology, we have started harnessing artificial intelligence in many fields. Where is the digital divide going to take us? How is our ‘tomorrow’ going to be? ‘Machines replacing human beings’ does not portray a rosy picture, does it? It can lead to serious issues like unemployment and crime. An excessive use of machines in every field can result in an nder-utilization of human brains. Over time, we may even lose our intellectual abilities. You know of the declining mathematical abilities in students due to use of calculators since school, don’t you? In conclusion, as technology is getting better people are trying to make their work easy and fast. From this we become lazy, weak and ill. It makes our immune system go bad and we have the ability to get the diseases fast. From all the examples above it shows face-to-face contact is still necessary in our lives and society.

Marijuana Use

Marijuana Use Marijuana Use Right at this very moment, Billions of dollars are being spent to fight a battle that Billions of people don't support, against a substance that isn't doing anyone harm. Marijuana has been around forever, and the reason it has been around for so long is that people enjoy smoking it! It relaxes you when you are tense and calms you down when you are angry. If you get caught with Marijuana in B.C. you can apply for drug treatment instead of doing hard time. In Canada we even have our own party that supports marijuana! And if you have been living underneath a rock for the past year they are the Green Party. I have gone to their store in Vancouver and they smoke weed all day in the store and the cops don't care that they do! so again I say why waste money on the fight against marijuana when even our law enforcement wont do a thing about it? Everyone these days smokes it and when I say everyone I mean EVERYONE, and I know tons of my friends parents who smoke it Daily, which m eans if the adults don't care about it and they must have smoked a lot in their day then the money this country spends everyday to try and fight the war on marijuana is a waste of billions of dollars and time.Day 149 - West Midlands Police - Tackling drug rel...

How to Write a Perfect Cosmetology Resume (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect Cosmetology Resume (Examples Included) someone once said â€Å"the clothes make the man,† but whoever that person was, he or she must not have had a great haircut. or facial. if you have had such an experience, then you know how much better and more confident you feel after a good appointment with your friendly local cosmetologist, who can help you make exactly the tweaks you need to make yourself shine. if you’re one of these skilled professionals yourself, think of your resume revamp as a makeover: taking what you’ve already got, and putting some gel and maybe a good moisturizer on it to take it to the next level. if you’re an aspiring cosmetologist or one who already knows the ropes, the key to your next great opportunity is your resume. as you start to think about how to construct your best resume, let’s look at three cosmetologists on slightly different paths: one just starting out, one hair stylist, and an esthetician.first up is ginny, who’s just starting out in the cosmeto logy field.download this resume in ms worduntil recently, ginny was a student, gathering experience while she completed her certificate and got her cosmetology license. so while she hasn’t been a fulls)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

The Battle of Ayn Jalut, 1260 - Mongols vs. Mamluks

The Battle of Ayn Jalut, 1260 - Mongols vs. Mamluks At times in Asian history, circumstances have conspired to bring seemingly unlikely combatants into conflict with one another. One example is the Battle of Talas River (751 A.D.), which pitted the armies of Tang China against the Abbasid Arabs in what is now Kyrgyzstan. Another is the Battle of Ayn Jalut, where in 1260 the seemingly unstoppable Mongol hordes ran up against the Mamluk warrior-slave army of Egypt. In This Corner: The Mongol Empire In 1206, the young Mongol leader Temujin was declared the ruler of all the Mongols; he took the name Genghis Khan (or Chinguz Khan). By the time he died in 1227, Genghis Khan controlled Central Asia from the Pacific coast of Siberia to the Caspian Sea in the west. After Genghis Khans death, his descendants divided the Empire into four separate khanates: the Mongolian homeland, ruled by Tolui Khan; the Empire of the Great Khan (later Yuan China), ruled by Ogedei Khan; the Ilkhanate Khanate of Central Asia and Persia, ruled by Chagatai Khan; and the Khanate of the Golden Horde, which would later include not just Russia but also Hungary and Poland. Each Khan sought to expand his own portion of the empire through further conquests. After all, a prophecy predicted that Genghis Khan and his offspring would one day rule all the people of the felt tents. Of course, they sometimes exceeded this mandate - nobody in Hungary or Poland actually lived a nomadic herding lifestyle. Nominally, at least, the other khans all answered to the Great Khan. In 1251, Ogedei died and his nephew Mongke, Genghiss grandson, became the Great Khan. Mongke Khan appointed his brother Hulagu to head the southwestern horde, the Ilkhanate. He charged Hulagu with the task of conquering the remaining Islamic empires of the Middle East and North Africa. In the Other Corner: The Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt While the Mongols were busy with their ever-expanding empire, the Islamic world was fighting off Christian Crusaders from Europe. The great Muslim general Saladin (Salah al-Din) conquered Egypt in 1169, founding the Ayyubid Dynasty. His descendants used increasing numbers of Mamluk soldiers in their internecine struggles for power. The Mamluks were an elite corps of warrior-slaves, mostly from Turkic or Kurdish Central Asia, but also including some Christians from the Caucasus region of south-eastern Europe. Captured and sold as young boys, they were carefully groomed for life as military men. Being a Mamluk became such an honor that some free-born Egyptians reportedly sold their sons into slavery so that they too could become Mamluks. In the tumultuous times surrounding the Seventh Crusade (which led to the capture of King Louis IX of France by the Egyptians), the Mamluks steadily gained power over their civilian rulers. In 1250, the widow of Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub married a Mamluk, Emir Aybak, who then became sultan. This was the beginning of the Bahri Mamluk Dynasty, which ruled Egypt until 1517. By 1260, when the Mongols began to threaten Egypt, the Bahri Dynasty was on its third Mamluk sultan, Saif ad-Din Qutuz. Ironically, Qutuz was Turkic (probably a Turkmen), and had become a Mamluk after he was captured and sold into slavery by the Ilkhanate Mongols. Prelude to the Show-down Hulagus campaign to subdue the Islamic lands began with an assault on the infamous Assassins or Hashshashin of Persia. A splinter group of the Ismaili Shia sect, the Hashshashin were based out of a cliff-side fortress called the Alamut, or Eagles Nest. On December 15, 1256, the Mongols captured Alamut and destroyed the power of the Hashshashin. Next, Hulagu Khan and the Ilkhanate army launched their assault on the Islamic heartlands proper with a siege on Baghdad, lasting from January 29 to February 10, 1258. At that time, Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid caliphate (the same dynasty that had battled the Chinese at Talas River in 751), and the center of the Muslim world. The caliph relied on his belief that the other Islamic powers would come to his aid rather than see Baghdad destroyed. Unfortunately for him, that did not happen. When the city fell, the Mongols sacked and destroyed it, slaughtering hundreds of thousands of civilians and burning down the Grand Library of Baghdad. The victors rolled the caliph inside a rug and trampled him to death with their horses. Baghdad, the flower of Islam, was wrecked. This was the fate of any city that resisted the Mongols, according to Genghis Khans own battle plans. In 1260, the Mongols turned their attention to Syria. After only a seven-day siege, Aleppo fell, and some of the population was massacred. Having seen the destruction of Baghdad and Aleppo, Damascus surrendered to the Mongols without a fight. The center of the Islamic world now drifted south to Cairo. Interestingly enough, during this time the Crusaders controlled several small coastal principalities in the Holy Land. The Mongols approached them, offering an alliance against the Muslims. The Crusaders erstwhile enemies, the Mamluks, also sent emissaries to the Christians offering an alliance against the Mongols. Discerning that the Mongols were a more immediate threat, the Crusader states opted to remain nominally neutral, but agreed to allow the Mamluk armies to pass unhindered through Christian-occupied lands. Hulagu Khan Throws Down the Gauntlet In 1260, Hulagu sent two envoys to Cairo with a threatening letter for the Mamluk sultan. It said, in part: To Qutuz the Mamluk, who fled to escape our swords. You should think of what happened to other countries and submit to us. You have heard how we have conquered a vast empire and have purified the earth of the disorders that tainted it. We have conquered vast areas, massacring all the people. Whither can you flee? What road will you use to escape us? Our horses are swift, our arrows sharp, our swords like thunderbolts, our hearts as hard as the mountains, our soldiers as numerous as the sand. In response, Qutuz had the two ambassadors sliced in half, and set their heads up on the gates of Cairo for all to see. He likely knew that this was the gravest possible insult to the Mongols, who practiced an early form of diplomatic immunity. Fate Intervenes Even as the Mongol emissaries were delivering Hulagus message to Qutuz, Hulagu himself received word that his brother Mongke, the Great Khan, had died. This untimely death set off a succession struggle within the Mongolian royal family. Hulagu had no interest in the Great Khanship himself, but he wanted to see his younger brother  Kublai  installed as the next Great Khan. However, the leader of the Mongol homeland, Toluis son Arik-Boke, called for a quick council (kuriltai) and had himself named Great Khan. As civil strife broke out between the claimants, Hulagu took the bulk of his army north to Azerbaijan, ready to join in the succession fight if necessary. The Mongolian leader left just 20,000 troops under the command of one of his generals, Ketbuqa, to hold the line in Syria and Palestine. Sensing that this was an opportunity not to be lost, Qutuz immediately gathered an army of roughly equal size and marched for Palestine, intent on crushing the Mongol threat. The Battle of Ayn Jalut On September 3, 1260, the two armies met at the  oasis  of Ayn Jalut (meaning The Eye of Goliath or Goliaths Well), in the Jezreel Valley of Palestine. The Mongols had the advantages of self-confidence and hardier horses, but the Mamluks knew the terrain better and had larger (thus faster) steeds. The Mamluks also deployed an early form of firearm, a sort of hand-held cannon, which frightened the Mongol horses. (This tactic cannot have surprised the Mongol riders themselves too greatly, however, since the Chinese had been using  gunpowder weapons  against them for centuries.) Qutuz used a classic Mongol tactic against Ketbuqas troops, and they fell for it. The Mamluks sent out a small portion of their force, which then feigned retreat, drawing the Mongols into an ambush. From the hills, Mamluk warriors poured down on three sides, pinning the Mongols in a withering cross-fire. The Mongols fought back throughout the morning hours, but finally the survivors began to retreat in disorder. Ketbuqa refused to flee in disgrace, and fought on until his horse either stumbled or was shot out from under him. The Mamluks captured the Mongol commander, who warned that they could kill him if they liked, but Be not deceived by this event for one moment, for when the news of my death reaches Hulagu Khan, the ocean of his wrath will boil over, and from Azerbaijan to the gates of Egypt will quake with the hooves of Mongol horses. Qutuz then ordered Ketbuqa beheaded. Sultan Qutuz himself did not survive to return to Cairo in triumph. On the way home, he was assassinated by a group of conspirators led by one of his generals, Baybars. Aftermath of the Battle of Ayn Jalut The Mamluks suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Ayn Jalut, but nearly the entire Mongol contingent was destroyed. This battle was a severe blow to the confidence and reputation of the hordes, which had never suffered such a defeat. Suddenly, they did not seem invincible. Despite the loss, however, the Mongols did not simply fold their tents and go home. Hulagu returned to Syria in 1262, intent on avenging Ketbuqa. However, Berke Khan of the Golden Horde had converted to Islam, and formed an alliance against his uncle Hulagu. He attacked Hulagus forces, promising revenge for the sacking of Baghdad. Although this war among the khanates drew off much of Hulagus strength, he continued to attack the Mamluks, as did his successors. The Ilkhanate Mongols drove towards Cairo in 1281, 1299, 1300, 1303 and 1312. Their only victory was in 1300, but it proved short-lived. Between each attack, the adversaries engaged in espionage, psychological warfare and alliance-building against one another. Finally, in 1323, as the fractious Mongol Empire began to disintegrate, the Khan of the Ilkhanids sued for a peace agreement with the Mamluks. A Turning-Point in History Why were the Mongols never able to defeat the Mamluks, after mowing through most of the known world? Scholars have suggested a number of answers to this puzzle. It may be simply that the internal strife among different branches of the Mongolian Empire prevented them from ever throwing enough riders against the Egyptians. Possibly, the greater professionalism and more advanced weapons of the Mamluks gave them an edge. (However, the Mongols had defeated other well-organized forces, such as the Song Chinese.) The most likely explanation may be that the environment of the Middle East defeated the Mongols. In order to have fresh horses to ride throughout a day-long battle, and also to have horse milk, meat and blood for sustenance, each Mongol fighter had a string of at least six or eight small horses. Multiplied by even the 20,000 troops that Hulagu left behind as a rear guard before Ayn Jalut, that is well over 100,000 horses. Syria and Palestine are famously parched. In order to provide water and fodder for so many horses, the Mongols had to press attacks only in the fall or spring, when the rains brought new grass for their animals to graze on. Even at that, they must have used a lot of energy and time finding grass and water for their ponies. With the bounty of the Nile at their disposal, and much shorter supply-lines, the Mamluks would have been able to bring grain and hay to supplement the sparse pastures of the Holy Land. In the end, it may have been grass, or the lack thereof, combined with internal Mongolian dissension, that saved the last remaining Islamic power from the Mongol hordes. Sources Reuven Amitai-Preiss.  Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Charles J. Halperin. The Kipchack Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut,  Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 63, No. 2 (2000), 229-245. John Joseph Saunders.  The History of the Mongol Conquests, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001). Kenneth M. Setton, Robert Lee Wolff, et al.  A History of the Crusades: The Later Crusades, 1189-1311, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005). John Masson Smith, Jr. Ayn Jalut: Mamluk Success or Mongol Failure?,  Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Dec., 1984), 307-345.

Networking Infrastructure - British Canoe Union Assignment

Networking Infrastructure - British Canoe Union - Assignment Example For instance, if a distributed denial of service threat attack a website, the traffic can be routed from the other available locations on a different network segment. Moreover, the MX record demonstrates where an email needs to be delivered. Furthermore, TXT records are utilized for holding any type of text. The Domain Name System is focused around the idea of name determination that is a key capacity of TCP/IP systems. Such systems are utilizing IP addresses as a part of request to recognize the beginning and objective of system transmissions. An IP location figures out where a datagram is sent and is extraordinary for the particular system area. IP addresses that were focused around IP rendition four (Ipv4) were as a 32-bit number. However the accessible locations were constrained and inevitably we arrived at the point where the Ipv6 tending to framework focused around the utilization of a 128-bit number where the IP location was sent. It is clear that individuals are prone to think that it’s hard to recollect 32-bit and 128-bit addresses that are sensibly straight forward for machines to distinguish. It is important to secure a more compelling framework for clients to distinguish the location of a system area. This is carried out by utilizing more significant names as the ones that we have in regular sites (e.g. http://www.thisismypersonalwebsite.com). This is a decent case of how a client may recollect an imperative site. However a machine must have the capacity to change over this name to an IP address that will figure out where the objective of the expected correspondence lives. Name determination is the term used to portray the change of the name utilized for a site or the Internet area to an IP address for that particular area. Each one time we enter the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) for a World Wide Web address in a web program this is changing over into an IP

Mathematical Golden Ratio in Nature, Music and Sex Essay

Mathematical Golden Ratio in Nature, Music and Sex - Essay Example The essay "Mathematical Golden Ratio in Nature, Music, and Sex" analyzes the issue of how the mathematical golden ratio is used in nature, music, and sex appeal. The golden ratio is developed by from the extreme and mean ratio rule that states that â€Å"a straight line is said to have been cut in extreme and mean ratio when, as the whole line is to the greater segment, the greater to the lesser†. The ratio of the straight line’s unequal segments is the origin of several natural scenes of mathematics interaction with nature. Only a handful of retrogressive and conservative theorists have risen to offer sensible criticism to the best explanation to mathematical infusion to nature’s inseparable interaction with mathematical theory. Perhaps the best brain that this age has experienced was possessed by Einstein who devoted much of his intense academic work to find out on the natures engagement with mathematics. According to Livio, several natural arrangements remain strictly controlled by the ratio such as the patterns seen in leaf structures and arrangement of the branches (phyllotaxis), seed arrangement patterns on plants as well as the formation of natural crystals. The Fibonacci sequence explains the patterns employed in botanical systems which depict market design and order that no other discipline elaborates on but mathematics. In light of these phenomena, mathematics fascinating facts in nature as dictated by the golden ratio seems to be the best explanation behind nature’s orderliness.

Firewall Security Measures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Firewall Security Measures - Essay Example A packet filter is the most simple type of firewall that operates at the network layer of OSI model. Packet filtering works on a set of rules stored as rule base, which determines which packet are allowed within the session, likewise which address are allowed for the communication process. If by default, a rule base does not permit any session, all packets are a drop from the communication. Information included in packet filtering are as follows: The source address of the packet (or the Layer 3 address) and the destination address of the packet (also Layer 3 address). Type of traffic or the specific network protocol (i.e. Ethernet) And possibly some information about the Layer 4 communication sessions (which is why packet filtering are sometimes considered to operate at layer 3 and 4 of OSI model). Stateful inspection, on the other hand, is the just superset of the packet filter. It also employs the method by which packet filtering works and an additional of storing the state of the session. For example, a session between 192.168.1.100:1023 and 210.9.88.29:80 was stored as â€Å"established† as its state, then the next time this session takes place, it will automatically be allowed. This provides a faster mechanism for filter incoming and outgoing session between server and host system. Stateful inspection firewall also operates at layer 3 and 4, plus layer 7 of the OSI model, which is evident on how stateful inspections consider application within the application layer.

Self and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self and Society - Essay Example Each "healthy" society needs people capable of looking forward into the future and capable of showing us the path that leads outside the polluted atmosphere of intrigues of the group of the "little" people we all belong to. Namely, people who serve the truth and not the group or the public opinion are predecessors of the society who warn us of the dangers on our way to freedom. While the group is characterized with sluggishness and inertia, the individual is capable of rapid changes of his/her opinion towards the light that glows over the new facts and warns of new danger. However, those who serve the truth only, are rare and few. Many philosophers and famous writers have tried to find answers to these and similar questions concerning the individual versus society. Camus, Dostoyevsky, Kafka, Thoreau and Emerson are only a few of those who have tried to criticize the society they have lived in, to cynically laugh at and mock their own time, to warn of the dangers of the moral and ethical erosion they have been witnesses of. Knowing the characteristics of existentialism to which Camus belongs, it is understandable why in his short novel "The Stranger" Albert Camus criticizes the judicial system and depicts the irony of a case when a man is condemned for his indifference and avoidance of societal code. Mersault, the protagonist, is condemned not only by the judge but the spectators in the courtroom as well for something else, that is, his lack of emotional response at his mother's funeral, etc., other than the crime he committed (killing the Arab) and the sentence is for him to be decapitated in the name of many people whom he has never known or whom he will never meet. Mersault is forced to be the outsider when he wants to speak on his behalf. Mersault's story is the story of everyman. To Mersault (i.e. to Camus) life's only meaning is seen from the death point of view. According to Camus, people strive to make their lives meaningful in the face of God but it is absurd, because hope and faith are only p ointless measures constructed by each individual to provide purpose and avoid responsibility. Yet, Mersault is not a person who avoids responsibility for his deeds. On the contrary, he accepts responsibility for what he has done, changes into a person readers would like him to be, i.e. he shows that he is fully capable of feeling, he has emotions, he comes to terms with death, and gives a clear picture of what others are like - people hiding their true selves behind the veal of moral and societal code, when in fact they are nothing else but people full of hatred. "With death so near, Mother must have felt like someone on the brink of freedom, ready to start life all over again. It was as if that great rush of anger had washed me clean, emptied me of hope, and, gazing up at the dark sky spangled with its signs and stars, for the first time, the first, I laid my heart open to the benign indifference of the universe. To feel it so like myself, indeed, so brotherly, made me realize that I'd been happy, and that I was happy still. For all to be accomplished, for me to feel less lonely, all that remained to hope was that on the day of my execution there should be a huge crowd of spectators and that they should greet me with howls of execration" (Camus, "The Stranger", p.76). Does not hatred equal less than zero "Someone must have been telling lies about

Module 1 Case Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Module 1 Case Assignment - Coursework Example It has a high market vision of a sustainable future implying that the coming generation will be in a world regarding creativity, variety and choice at heart. Businesses will enhance human and biological community’s integrity. Various institutions will be held accountable for their operations. In addition, it will be a world that honors education with the freedom to exchange ideas. Whole food faces strategic issues in both economy and competition. From the initial stages of being a one-store, it has grown to $8 billion a year corporation. Statistics indicates that as of 2008 (Quinn, 2012). The company is reputable in high-quality standard foods, Ethical relations like fair trading activities, choice of the product, premium services like cooking lessons and other related information like the use of labels and recipes. In addition, the customer services are duly executed where trust and confidence inbuilt; lastly the external information like information about the products is up to date (Pfeffer & Veiga, 1999). In several instances, the consumers have felt that the company is honest, approachable, and transparent in its operations. The retail environment is trustworthy and feels that it’s the only supermarket to shop in. The final result has been strong loyalty between clients and the brand (Veiga, 1999). It usually begins with whole foods, a whole people, and the whole planet. However, the holistic approach and declaration of independence becomes the top, followed by environment and sustainability, Health and Nutrition, Ethical development of the business and finally development in social aspect (Quinn, 2012). Persons from diverse social aspect form part of the audience to the supermarket. There is a range of customers, but the key ones are working parents between the age 30 and 50 preferably women, Professionals are not left behind and lastly the city dwellers. It is, however, important to note that it is not easy to become green. As the

Self and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self and Society - Essay Example Each "healthy" society needs people capable of looking forward into the future and capable of showing us the path that leads outside the polluted atmosphere of intrigues of the group of the "little" people we all belong to. Namely, people who serve the truth and not the group or the public opinion are predecessors of the society who warn us of the dangers on our way to freedom. While the group is characterized with sluggishness and inertia, the individual is capable of rapid changes of his/her opinion towards the light that glows over the new facts and warns of new danger. However, those who serve the truth only, are rare and few. Many philosophers and famous writers have tried to find answers to these and similar questions concerning the individual versus society. Camus, Dostoyevsky, Kafka, Thoreau and Emerson are only a few of those who have tried to criticize the society they have lived in, to cynically laugh at and mock their own time, to warn of the dangers of the moral and ethical erosion they have been witnesses of. Knowing the characteristics of existentialism to which Camus belongs, it is understandable why in his short novel "The Stranger" Albert Camus criticizes the judicial system and depicts the irony of a case when a man is condemned for his indifference and avoidance of societal code. Mersault, the protagonist, is condemned not only by the judge but the spectators in the courtroom as well for something else, that is, his lack of emotional response at his mother's funeral, etc., other than the crime he committed (killing the Arab) and the sentence is for him to be decapitated in the name of many people whom he has never known or whom he will never meet. Mersault is forced to be the outsider when he wants to speak on his behalf. Mersault's story is the story of everyman. To Mersault (i.e. to Camus) life's only meaning is seen from the death point of view. According to Camus, people strive to make their lives meaningful in the face of God but it is absurd, because hope and faith are only p ointless measures constructed by each individual to provide purpose and avoid responsibility. Yet, Mersault is not a person who avoids responsibility for his deeds. On the contrary, he accepts responsibility for what he has done, changes into a person readers would like him to be, i.e. he shows that he is fully capable of feeling, he has emotions, he comes to terms with death, and gives a clear picture of what others are like - people hiding their true selves behind the veal of moral and societal code, when in fact they are nothing else but people full of hatred. "With death so near, Mother must have felt like someone on the brink of freedom, ready to start life all over again. It was as if that great rush of anger had washed me clean, emptied me of hope, and, gazing up at the dark sky spangled with its signs and stars, for the first time, the first, I laid my heart open to the benign indifference of the universe. To feel it so like myself, indeed, so brotherly, made me realize that I'd been happy, and that I was happy still. For all to be accomplished, for me to feel less lonely, all that remained to hope was that on the day of my execution there should be a huge crowd of spectators and that they should greet me with howls of execration" (Camus, "The Stranger", p.76). Does not hatred equal less than zero "Someone must have been telling lies about

Development of a Multimedia Application Literature review

Development of a Multimedia Application - Literature review Example Thus, while making the selection or incorporating media to their web pages, web designers should think about the basic theme and nature of our materials. Moreover, web designers should incorporate animations, images, video, or sound into the web pages simply when they match with web site’s message (Lynch & Horton, 2004), (Martinez et al., 1998) and (Rahman 2002, p.232). Furthermore, web designers should also keep in mind that there are also several technical restrictions to the deliverance of audiovisual content through the web. For instance, large-size videos and videos demanding flat movement or understandable information would need huge amount of bandwidth to be transmitted from one computer to another as well as can charge the playback capability of the user's computer. In this scenario, web designers can utilize the techniques of down-sampling and data compression to produce a file that is of minimum size and small enough to be transported through the web. However, in man y scenarios, this compromised data and information can be too important to demand more effort. In addition, when web designers are deciding to incorporate multimedia to the web pages, they must confirm that the technology is able to convene the requirements of web content. Moreover, web designers should make sure that the users spend minimum time and energy in downloading files that would be the best use of the technology (Lynch & Horton, 2004), (Martinez et al., 1998) and (Rahman, 2002, p.232). Web Design Web design is the process of planning and developing the websites. This process consist of various elements such as data and information structure, site structure, user... This essay approves that at the present MUDPY methodology is applied for the semantic web by building ontology for it. MUDPY ontology is considered as a theme designed for the domain of multimedia planning and design. Additionally, it outlines the ideas which exist in this domain along with their features and associations among them. In addition, this ontology directs the system developers throughout design and planning stages of a project in a systematic style by permitting them to produce a project proposal, make out the practical system development requirements, formulate a decision on the navigational structure and produce a storyboard intended for the project. Moreover, multimedia project developers are able to make use of MUDPY ontology to map out and design their projects; as a result they can produce high-quality projects This report makes a conclusion that at the present, innovative user interfaces holding different kinds of media categories are utilized for different purposes, for example in training or simulation software as well as in various other types of applications. Web design is the process of planning and developing the websites. This process consist of various elements such as data and information structure, site structure, user interface, web layout, navigation, fonts, colors and pictures. Multimedia Design and Planning Pyramid model is a meta-design structure that helps web developers in development of multimedia projects. Additionally, the MUDPY model is established on the semantic web by formulating ontology for it. This literature review has presented a detailed overview of website design, Multimedia technology and MUDPY methodology. This paper has shown MUDPY methodology is helpful for the designers in designing an effective web site.

Production Strategy Essay Example for Free

Production Strategy Essay The total number of time spent for machining and welding during the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 (includes the machining and welding hours mentioned in Frame Unit, Press Station and Pec-dec Station) are eight (8) hours. The total number of hours spent for Painting and finishing in the entire process (includes the machining and welding hours mentioned in Frame Unit, Press Station, and Pec-dec Station) is five (5) hours. The total number of hours spent for Assembling, testing and packaging for the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is two (2) hours. BodyPlus200 The total number of time spent on machining and welding in the entire process (includes the machining and welding hours mentioned in Frame Unit, Press Station, Pec-dec Station and Leg Press Station) during the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine is twelve (12) hours. The total number of hours spent for Painting and finishing in the entire process (includes the machining and welding hours mentioned in Frame Unit, Press Station, Pec-dec Station and Leg Press Station) is ten (10) hours. The total number of hours spent for Assembling, testing and packaging for the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is two (2) hours. Calculations: The total number of working hours assigned for machining and welding processes is 600 hours. The total number of working hours assigned for painting and finishing processes is 440 hours. The total number of working hours assigned for Assembling, Testing and Packaging is 140 hours. To find out the total number of machines that can be made can be found out in the following math. As either of the machines (BodyPlus100 and BodyPlus200) requires two (2) hours of assembling, testing and packaging time. Total number of machines to be produced:    Now let the total number of BodyPlus100 machines manufactures be denoted by the variable ‘X’ and the total number of BodyPlus200 machines manufactured be denoted by the variable ‘Y’. Therefore, the total time required for Assembling, testing and Packaging is 2 hours. That implies,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2X + 2Y =140 Then X+Y=70. There we get the total number of possible machines that can be made are seventy in number. As the recommended number of BodyPlus200 machines that have to be produced must be at least 25% of the total number of machines produced. Then ‘Y’ takes a value of 25% of the total number of possible machines i.e. seventy (70). Therefore, 17 fills in the best value of at least 25% of total number of machines produced when the count of total number of machines produced are sixty five (65). Taking the number of BodyPlus100 machines and BodyPlus200 machines manufactured to be 49 and 16 in numbers respectively. Then the calculation follows as: Time required for machining and welding: 1) BodyPlus100: In the Frame unit, it takes four (4) hours of machining and welding time. In the Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time. In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time. The total number of machining and welding time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is eight (8) hours. Therefore, the total time taken for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 49 BodyPlus100 is 49*8 = 392 hours. 2) BodyPlus200: In the Frame unit, it takes five (5) hours of machining and welding time. In the Press Station, it takes three (3) hours of machining and welding time. In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time. In the Leg Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time. The total number of machining and welding time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine is twelve (12) hours. Therefore, the total time taken for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 17 BodyPlus200 is 17*12 = 204 hours. Therefore, the total number of hours spent for the entire manufacture processes is equal to 392 + 204 = 596 hours Hence, we lost 4 hours of unused machining and welding time. Time required for Painting and finishing: 1) BodyPlus100: In the Frame unit, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time. In the Press Station, it takes one (1) hours of painting and finishing time. In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time. The total number of painting and finishing time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is five (5) hours. Therefore, the total time taken for painting and finishing processes during the manufacture of 49 BodyPlus100 is 49*5 = 245 hours. 2) BodyPlus200: In the Frame unit, it takes four (4) hours of painting and finishing time. In the Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time. In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time. In the Leg Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time. The total number of painting and finishing time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine is ten (10) hours. Therefore, the total time taken for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 17 BodyPlus200 is 17*10 = 170 hours. Therefore, the total number of hours spent for the entire manufacture processes is equal to 245 + 170 = 415 hours. Where the total number hours assigned for painting and finishing is 450 hours. Hence, we lost 35 hours of unused painting and finishing time. Time required for Assembling, Testing and Packaging: 1) BodyPlus100: The manufacturing of one BodyPlus100 machine takes two (2) hours of assembling, testing and packaging time. Therefore, the total number of hours spent in assembling, testing and packaging during the manufacture of 49 machines is 49*2= 98hours. 1) BodyPlus200: The manufacturing of one BodyPlus200 machine takes two (2) hours of assembling, testing and packaging time. Therefore, the total number of hours spent in assembling, testing and packaging during the manufacture of 17 machines is 17*2= 34hours. In total, the total number of hours spent during the entire process is 98 + 34 = 132 hours. As the assigned number of assembling, testing and packaging time is 140 hours. So, eight (8) hours of the assembling, testing and packaging time is unused. Total Cost for producing the machines: 1) BodyPlus100: The BodyPlus100 machine consists of four (4) units. Frame unit: Where the raw material cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $450 in this Frame Unit. Press Station: Here the raw material costs for each BodyPlus100 unit is $300 in this Press Station. Pec-dec Station: Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $250 in this Pec-dec Station. Packaging: Here the estimated cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $50 for packaging. 2) BodyPlus200: The BodyPlus200 machine consists of five (5) units. a) Frame unit: Where the raw material cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $650 in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  this Frame Unit. b) Press Station: Here the raw material costs for each BodyPlus200 unit is $400 in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   this Press Station. c)   Pec-dec Station: Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $250 in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   this Pec-dec Station. Leg Press Station: Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $200   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in this Leg Press Station. Packaging: Here the estimated cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $75 for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   packaging. Labor Costs during the manufacture Process: Machining and welding: Given that the labor costs are $20 per hour for machining and welding time.    Now the total number of hours spent for machining and welding in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are eight (8) and twelve (12) respectively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the labor costs for machining and welding estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 8*20 = $160.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And, the labor costs for machining and welding estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 12*20 = $240. Painting and finishing: Given that the labor costs are $15 per hour for painting and finishing time. Now the total number of hours spent for painting and finishing in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are five (5) and ten (10) respectively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 5*15 = $75.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 10*15 = $150. Assembly, Testing and Packaging: Given that the labor costs are $12 per hour for assembly, testing, and packaging time. Now the total number of hours spent for assembling, testing and packaging in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are two hours each.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 2*12 = $24.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 2*12 = $24. Hence the total labor costs in manufacturing 49 BodyPlus100 are 49*($160+$75+$24) = 49*($259)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $12691   Also, the total labor costs in manufacturing 17 BodyPlus200   are 17*($240+$150+$24) =17*($419)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $7123 Gross expenditure in the production of one unit of:    BodyPlus100: The total cost made in the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine (includes raw costs and labor costs)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $450+$110+$300+$55+$250+$70+$50+$24 = $1309. BodyPlus200: The total cost made in the manufacture of one BodyPlus200   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   machine (includes raw costs and labor costs)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $650+$160+$400+$75+$250+$70+$200+$70+$75+$24 = $1974. Profit Calculations: The retail price of one BodyPlus100 machine is $2400. The retail price of one BodyPlus200 machine is $3500. An authorized dealer will purchase at only 70% of the suggested retail price. Hence, a sale of one BodyPlus100 will produce 70% of $2400 = $1680 And a sale of one BodyPlus200 will produce 70% of $3500 = $2450. Admittedly, the net profit that is made in the sale of one BodyPlus100 machine is ($1680 $1309) = $371. Whereas the net profit that is made in the sale of one BodyPlus200 machine is ($2450 $1974) = $476. Here the net profit made on manufacturing one BodyPlus200 machine ($476) is larger in number than the profit that is made on manufacturing one BodyPlus100 machine ($371). But if we calculate the net profit that is made per hour work will entirely change the opinion onto BodyPlus100 machine. As, we get a profit of $476 after working 24 hours in manufacturing BodyPlus200 machine. This means the net profit made per hour on manufacturing one BodyPlus200 is only   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $476/24 = $19.83 Whereas, the net profit made on manufacturing one BodyPlus100 machine is $371 after working for 15 hours. Therefore, profit made per hour is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $371/15 = $24.73 Conclusion: So, referring to the above profit math increasing the production percent (i.e. 75%) in the total production will gradually increase the profits of the company. Solutions Plus      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Table2.1       No. of gallons required Freight Charges No of gallons supplied from Total charges for shipping       Cincinnati Oakland Cincinnati Oakland Cincinnati Oakland Santa Ana 22,418 0.22 22,418 4,931.96 El Paso 6,800 0.84 0.74 6,800 5,032 Pendleton 80,290 0.83 0.49 30,290 50,000 25,140.7 24,500 Houston 100,477 0.45 50,447 50,000 22,701.15 Kansas city 241,570 0.36 191,570 50,000 68,965.2 Los Angeles 64,761 0.22 14,761 50,000 11,000 Glendale 33,689 0.22 33,689 7,411.58 Jacksonville 68,486 0.34 18,486 50,000 6,285.24 Little Rock 148,586 0.34 98,586 50,000 33,519.24 Bridgeport 111,475 0.34 51,475 50,000 17,501.5 Sacramento 112,000 0.15 62,000 50,000 7,500 Total 990,522 Grand Total 517,615 462,907 Here we can see that the total numbers of gallons that are delivered from Cincinnati are more than 500,000 gallons. So we are short of 17,615 gallons of the locomotives cleaning agent that has to be delivered from Cincinnati. To satisfy the requirement of the majority of the dealers in the remaining locations, and considering the profits, all the 17,615 gallons of the cleaning agent is reduced from the Pendleton deal.   Ã‚                                         Table2.2 No. of gallons required Production cost for the total number of gallons Total charges for shipping Total expenditure from    Cincinnati ($1.20/gallon) Oakland ($1.65/gallon) Cincinnati Oakland Cincinnati Oakland Santa Ana 22,418 $36,989.70 $4,931.96 $41,921.66 El Paso 6,800 $11,220.00 $5,032.00 $16,252.00 Pendleton 62,675 $15,210.00 $82,500.00 $10,520.25 $24,500.00 $25,730.25 $107,000.00 Houston 100,477 $60,536.40 $82,500.00 $22,701.15 $83,237.55 $82,500.00 Kansas city 241,570 $229,884.00 $82,500.00 $68,965.20 $298,849.20 $82,500.00 Los Angeles 64,761 $17,713.20 $82,500.00 $11,000.00 $17,713.20 $93,500.00 Glendale 33,689 $55,586.85 $7,411.58 $62,998.43 Jacksonville 68,486 $22,183.20 $82,500.00 $6,285.24 $28,468.44 $82,500.00 Little Rock 148,586 $118,303.20 $82,500.00 $33,519.24 $151,822.44 $82,500.00 Bridgeport 111,475 $61,770.00 $82,500.00 $17,501.50 $79,271.50 $82,500.00 Sacramento 112,000 $74,400.00 $82,500.00 $7,500.00 $74,400.00 $90,000.00    After reducing the supply to the Pendleton concerning larger profits, the total no. of gallons of cleaning agent sent to the Pendleton will be 17,615 less than that stated in Table-2.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Table-2.3    No. of gallons required No. of gallons supplied Total Expenditure (in $) Total Income from each location (15% more than the actual cost) Santa Ana 22,418 22,418 $41,921.66 $48,209.91 El Paso 6,800 6,800 $16,252.00 $18,689.80 Pendleton*** 80,290 62,675 $132,730.25 $152,639.79 Houston 100,477 100,477 $165,737.55 $190,598.18 Kansas city 241,570 241,570 $381,349.20 $438,551.58 Los Angeles 64,761 64,761 $111,213.20 $127,895.18 Glendale 33,689 33,689 $62,998.43 $72,448.20 Jacksonville 68,486 68,486 $110,968.44 $127,613.71 Little Rock 148,586 148,586 $234,322.44 $269,470.81 Bridgeport 111,475 111,475 $161,771.50 $186,037.23 Sacramento 112,000 112,000 $164,400.00 $189,060.00 TOTAL 990,552 972,937 $1,583,464.67 $1,821,214.39 *** indicates the locations that are short of the locomotive cleaning agent than they require by any amount. Conclusion: Hence the net profit made for one year is $237,749.72 and if the bid is made for one year the total amount has to be $1,821,214.39 but given that the bid has to be made for two years. Then the bid price would be $3,642,428.78 And the profit expected in two years (taken the oil prices are fixed) is $475,499.44 If the oil price is hiked by 15% then also profit is expected for the Solution Plus Company as there are few locations which are supplied with the cleaning agents without any shipping charges. So only a marginal amount of profit can be made in two years even after placing the bid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the price of oil is slashed by any margin, then there will be more profits for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Company after one year.