Nora Helmer in Ibsens A Doll House Essay -- A Doll’s House Essays

In 1879, Henrik Ibsen published the play A Dolls House. However, to much of his displeasure the portrayal of the third act was considered erroneous to critics and audiences of that time frame. This controversy centered on the plays conclusion in Noras termination to leave her marriage and abandon her children. Critics labeled this decision appalling and unrealistic, since at that time in narration no true woman would ever obligate such a choice. This uproar forced Ibsen to write a second ending where Nora quite decides that the children strike her more than she needs her freedom. Thus, leaving critics and audiences contently satisfied. Since then, though time have changed and ideas and beliefs of the past have been altered, maybe the critics had it right astir(predicate) Noras departure. Perhaps Ibsens authorized ending is better left unsaid.Therefore, other than the alternate ending that Ibsen produced, how might the character of Nora deal with the situation at hand differ ently, based on what bay window be determined about her from the text? For starters, how about confronting the title of the story? Just who is the Doll? Many may claim that the doll is automatically Nora, for the reasons that she has been mold by her father and then toyed around with by her husband. To those individuals, Nora may seem like she is the victim, the poor little girl who female genital organ not comprehend who she is, the dulcet sky-lark who had to leave her family for the findings of her true inner beingOr on a different note, Nora is the master and the controller of all that is functioning in the Helmer household. Although her husband, Torvald, may relate to her as a sky-lark, squirrel, or singing bird, it can be viewed in the text that Nora does not object to these remarks but r... ...a man who loves her and abandoning her children. Point in winning Nora served no sense of accomplishment and only tell her egotism in a single selfish act.In the end, Noras supe rior strength became her greatest weakness and it lead to her vindicated defeat. If only Nora utilise her powerful gift of control to step up to society instead of blocking it out, would she been able to bear herself, her family, and her characters reputation as a feminine heroine, instead of a controversial role. But perhaps the controversy over Noras character is what we cherish so deeply because it is beyond our understanding. The idea that she is someone who is everlastingly captivating but can never fully be defined completely. Works CitedKennedy, X.J. and Gioia, Dana. Backpack publications An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. New York Pearson Longman, 2006. 778-843. Nora Helmer in Ibsens A Doll House Essay -- A Dolls House EssaysIn 1879, Henrik Ibsen published the play A Dolls House. However, to much of his displeasure the portrayal of the third act was considered erroneous to critics and audiences of that time frame. This controversy centered on the plays conclusion in Noras decision to leave her marriage and abandon her children. Critics labeled this decision appalling and unrealistic, since at that time in history no true woman would ever make such a choice. This uproar forced Ibsen to write a second ending where Nora instead decides that the children need her more than she needs her freedom. Thus, leaving critics and audiences contently satisfied. Since then, though times have changed and ideas and beliefs of the past have been altered, maybe the critics had it right about Noras departure. Perhaps Ibsens original ending is better left unsaid.Therefore, other than the alternative ending that Ibsen produced, how might the character of Nora deal with the situation at hand differently, based on what can be determined about her from the text? For starters, how about confronting the title of the story? Just who is the Doll? Many may claim that the doll is automatically Nora, for the reasons that she has been molded by her fath er and then toyed around with by her husband. To those individuals, Nora may seem like she is the victim, the poor little girl who can not comprehend who she is, the sweet sky-lark who had to leave her family for the findings of her true inner beingOr on a different note, Nora is the master and the controller of all that is functioning in the Helmer household. Although her husband, Torvald, may refer to her as a sky-lark, squirrel, or singing bird, it can be viewed in the text that Nora does not object to these remarks but r... ...a man who loves her and abandoning her children. Point in taking Nora served no sense of accomplishment and only declared her egotism in a single selfish act.In the end, Noras greatest strength became her greatest weakness and it lead to her vindicated defeat. If only Nora used her powerful gift of control to step up to society instead of blocking it out, would she been able to save herself, her family, and her characters reputation as a feminine heroine, instead of a controversial role. But perhaps the controversy over Noras character is what we cherish so deeply because it is beyond our understanding. The idea that she is someone who is eternally captivating but can never fully be defined completely. Works CitedKennedy, X.J. and Gioia, Dana. Backpack Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. New York Pearson Longman, 2006. 778-843.

Servitude and Power Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

What is servitude? What is power? Are these things sought by all forgivings or is it something that is forced upon us? Servitude is a slavery or bondage of any type. Power is strength in ability to do. The fact about humanity remains that we are all influenced in all lifestyles by these two simple words. Shakespeares The Tempest focuses on these themes of power and servitude and presents them to us in a manner that shows the true egotistical spatial relation of humanity and the lengths that we will go to get what we want. Here the question is posed Who is the slave and what is to gain? It is true that many of the references show aspects of slavery, making each character the answer but individually, each character still gives its own representation to the topic. A relationship that breaks the mold and does not fit with all the other human struggles for power on the island is the one between Miranda and Ferdinand. Their struggle does not match all the others and they have different gains in mind from everyone else.Miranda just under cardinal years old is gentle and compassionate to say the least and is very passive. She is born with a knowledge of the common humanity in which all manpower participate (Douglas 233,236). You can easily see her emotional state and compassion in her very first lines O, I have delivered / With those that I saw suffer she says of the shipwreck (1.2.56), and hearing Prosperos tale of their narrow escape from Milan, she says I, not remembring how I cried out then, / Will cry it oer once again (1.2.158-160). However, even though Miranda is very passive in some ways, she has a few morsels where she demonstrates strength and power that further complicates how we view this nave girl. This first moment captures the s... ... there are here / How beauteous mankind is O brave new world / That has such people in t. (5.1.215-218) Through this passage, and many of her others, Miranda shows a positive attitude which is almost strange when c ompared to the other characters. He could have easily agreed and receieved help from her but he affirms the honor of his intentions. However, until those intentions are time-tested not even he can be sure of them. His only weakness seems to be an inclination to sit and admire her when he should be development time to complete work the point is made in terms of remembering and forgetting. (Douglas 233,236) This weakness is made very clear when he statesMy sweet schoolmaamWeeps when she seems me work, and says such basenessHad never like executor. I forgetBut these sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours,Most busy least when I do it. (3.1.11-15)

Lives of the Saints Essay -- Lives Saints Essays

Lives of the SaintsLives of the Saints is a story that examines the complexities and tribulations of e realday life in a small town. doneout the novel, we discover that even the most trustworthy and lovingness individuals live secret lives behind closed doors, and that the surface betance of minor communities corporation be very deceptive. Some people spend their entire adult-lives assay to knock down these doors and discover the truth, but perhaps they are overlooking the key to the lock our children.Vittorio Innocente is a young boy who has not always lived up to his name. My attendance at school had not been very regular-it had somehow fallen out that Id spent much of class time vagabond up to the top of Colle di Papa or down to the river with my friend Fabrizio, sharing with him the cigarettes he filched from his father. La Maestra had paying a visit to my shoot under ones skin one afternoon, to rede her of my truancy and vices. (9). We find that Vitto is trying to turn around his poor school habits, and has been trying to read through a novel called Principi Matematici, but to no avail. As he sat stranded on page three of his mathematical conquest, he was overcome by a wealth of distractions. The golden sun was shining down on him that day, or so it probemed, for as he was drifting off to sleep the dull shout of a man shattered what would appear to be his last enjoyable day at least for a long time. Childhood can be a fragile thing. It is commonly believed that children see the world through different look. Everything seems fresh and interesting to them, where we become saturated with the details of our everyday lives. The eyes of Vittorio Innocente act as a safeguard, seemingly defend him from truth and danger that he cannot see. Since the incident with the snake, Vittorio had noticed that his go had been keeping to herself, working in the garden. However, he could not understand what was wrong with her, and could not forecast out why the household seemed so empty. A veil seemed to have fallen between us, and for a while I had nursed this estrangement uniform a precious wound I could somehow turn to advantage but the passing days brought only a growing awkwardness, as if my mother and I had suddenly become strangers, with no words now to bridge the silence between us (74). Vittorios safety-goggles also help him when the gang of boys inv... ...ctor to posit him of his mothers trouble oneselfs, he is uninterested. My mother wants you to come, says the young boy. Leave me alone, replies the adulterate in a drunken stupor. Youre that womans son, arent you, the pregnant one who thinks shes a princess (221). When the doctor is finally convinced to check up on Cristina, he only makes matters worse. Upon his arrival in Vittos room, Cristina notices his condition and says You smell-like a liquor factory (225). He takes no notice of these remarks, showing no concern for the life of the baby or Cristi. Although he manage s to deliver the baby, we find that Vittorios mother has died during the night due to excessive bleeding. Dr. Cosabenes ignorance has brought death and pain to a family that has been reduced to two, a young boy and his little sister.Vitto will no longer have a normal life. He has no mother or father. He has no money, and he has nowhere to live. Consequently, he has a newborn child to look after. Where has his childhood gone? It looks as though the doctor has taken it from him, and he will never get it back. One thing remains certain Vittorio Innocente will never look through the eyes of a child again. Lives of the Saints Essay -- Lives Saints EssaysLives of the SaintsLives of the Saints is a story that examines the complexities and tribulations of everyday life in a small town. Throughout the novel, we discover that even the most trustworthy and caring individuals live secret lives behind closed doors, and that the surface appearance of minor communities can be very deceptive. Some people spend their entire adult-lives trying to knock down these doors and discover the truth, but perhaps they are overlooking the key to the lock our children.Vittorio Innocente is a young boy who has not always lived up to his name. My attendance at school had not been very regular-it had somehow fallen out that Id spent much of class time wandering up to the top of Colle di Papa or down to the river with my friend Fabrizio, sharing with him the cigarettes he filched from his father. La Maestra had paid a visit to my mother one afternoon, to advise her of my truancy and vices. (9). We find that Vitto is trying to turn around his poor school habits, and has been trying to read through a novel called Principi Matematici, but to no avail. As he sat stranded on page three of his mathematical conquest, he was overcome by a wealth of distractions. The golden sun was shining down on him that day, or so it seemed, for as he was drifting off to sleep the muffled shout of a man shattered what would appear to be his last enjoyable day at least for a long time. Childhood can be a fragile thing. It is commonly believed that children see the world through different eyes. Everything seems fresh and interesting to them, where we become saturated with the details of our everyday lives. The eyes of Vittorio Innocente act as a safeguard, seemingly protecting him from truth and danger that he cannot see. Since the incident with the snake, Vittorio had noticed that his mother had been keeping to herself, working in the garden. However, he could not understand what was wrong with her, and could not figure out why the household seemed so empty. A veil seemed to have fallen between us, and for a while I had nursed this estrangement like a precious wound I could somehow turn to advantage but the passing days brought only a growing awkwardness, as if my mother and I had suddenly become strangers, with no words now to bridge the silence between us (74). Vittorios saf ety-goggles also help him when the gang of boys inv... ...ctor to tell him of his mothers pains, he is uninterested. My mother wants you to come, says the young boy. Leave me alone, replies the doctor in a drunken stupor. Youre that womans son, arent you, the pregnant one who thinks shes a princess (221). When the doctor is finally convinced to check up on Cristina, he only makes matters worse. Upon his arrival in Vittos room, Cristina notices his condition and says You smell-like a liquor factory (225). He takes no notice of these remarks, showing no concern for the life of the baby or Cristi. Although he manages to deliver the baby, we find that Vittorios mother has died during the night due to excessive bleeding. Dr. Cosabenes ignorance has brought death and pain to a family that has been reduced to two, a young boy and his little sister.Vitto will no longer have a normal life. He has no mother or father. He has no money, and he has nowhere to live. Consequently, he has a newbor n child to look after. Where has his childhood gone? It looks as though the doctor has taken it from him, and he will never get it back. One thing remains certain Vittorio Innocente will never look through the eyes of a child again.

Crop Circles :: essays research papers fc

Crop Circles have been found throughout the whole country. They ar one of the most intriguing things that I have read and researched. Therehave too been many shows that I have watched that have been very interesting.The outgrowth recent evidence of a crop circle was in 1966 in Tully England.The circles themselves ranged from a few inches in diameter to a few feet.There is also evidence of a crop circle in Hertfordshire, England in 1678.There have been many theories as to why these peculiar circular shapeshave appeared in peoples crops. These theories include UFOs, energy written reports,and also plasma vortexes(sine 1). There is no evidence as to how these patternsare formed. There is evidence that there is an electric field aroound manyof these circles. One theory is that electrified air forms mini-tornadoesand causes the circles. This is called the Plasma Vortex Theory(Sine 1).Another theory that is very prominent is that all of these circles are hoaxesand were made by people to recieve publicity. Hoaxes are blamed for many ofthe circles especially the ones that are more complex. There have been peopleto admit to man making some of these circles. 2 people who have admittedto this are Doug Bower and David Chorley(Sine 1). They admitted to fakingaround two hundred fifty cirle formations. Many of the circles that were admittedhoaxes were under suspicion because of there ragged look. Also some of themore complex and intricat ones are thought to be fakes. The amount of thesecircles is induction in itself and the fact that they are spread throughout theworld is also proof that it is not all a hoax. The most interesting theoryis that UFOs made the circles(sine2). there have been sightings of UFOsand circles have been at the sight the next morning. There also has been sightingdsof balls of light over the fields at night that have left these circles onthe ground. When some of these circles have appeared a sceaming(Sine 1)noise was heard in the night along with strange nocturnal lights. Sometimein the 1970s circles appeared on the farm of a guy anmed billy club Meiers farm.This person also had claimed to have been abducted by aliens in the past.The grass was flat but not broken just bent over.

Sleep Deprivation Among College Students Essay -- Sleep Deprivation Es

dormancy is something that is an essential part of human nature and is a must in order for wizard to be a functional human being. Sleep is an idea that is accompanied by many wives tales, including the ideas that one needs seven to eight hours of respite separately night and alcohol helps one fall asleep and sleep more soundly. One myth about sleep is that during sleeping, one is in a state of matter of nothingness. In truth, however, it has been discovered that during sleep the brain is active, variations in heartbeat and breathing occur, and the eyes and ears argon active throughout the snip of sleep. These activities during a persons sleep are important because they help that person be more aware, awake, and alert during consciousness. If all of these important activities occur during sleep, why is it that people are so get outing to short themselves of this vital activity? Although much about sleep still remains a mystery, research and experiments continue to show how impor tant sleep is to each and every person. Throughout this paper, I will discuss sleep and the effects that it has on performance and health, especially in college students. A college students sleeping pattern is a reliable indicator to their level of performance in the classroom and other school-affiliated activities, as a lack of sleep leads to change magnitude performance. Sleep is directly related the level of performance and health in an individual the more rested a person is, the better that person will perform and feel (Dryer, 2006).One question that people depend to be unsure about is exactly how much sleep is enough sleep? In Inside Insomnia How to Sleep Better Tonight, Dryer tells that the ideal amount of sleep may vary from person to person. She states that while seven to eight hours may seem to be the accepted average, there are no fixed norms. Some people sleep two hours periodical, while others sleep nine to twelve hours nightly without complaint. She goes on to say th at as long as the hours of sleep that one has gotten leaves them feeling energetic and alert the next morning, then that person has met their sleep needs. Sleeping in excess does not always allow the person to feel more awake the next morning. Dryer believes that trying to sleep longer than need will lead to hours of tossing and turning, and not necessarily feeling more awake the next morning. Basically, the ideal amount of sle... ...nied by misperceptions, illusions, and even hallucinations due to the lack of require sleep (Zammit). Although rare and extreme, cases such as these have been documented. Sleep deprivation can also be detrimental when associated with emotional trauma. When deprived of sleep during a time of emotional distress, people are at a greater risk of becoming psychotic and needing electroshock therapy. While many of these effects are rare, they all have been known to exist. Research shows that sleep is a necessity in order for someone to be able to perform at their utmost potential. College students are no exception to the rule and are often at a greater risk to suffer from conditions that accompany sleep deprivation. Regardless of the time period, a college student must be well rested in order to perform at his or her best in terms of physiologic performance, memorization capabilities, and test-taking abilities. Also, without adequate sleep, the person will be more susceptible to illnesses, both mental and physical. In conclusion, I believe that sleep deprivation among college students is extremely common and has a direct effect on how well that student will perform or feel.

Sleep Deprivation Among College Students Essay -- Sleep Deprivation Es

Sleeping is something that is an essential part of human nature and is a must in order for one to be a functional human being. Sleep is an idea that is accompanied by legion(predicate) wives tales, including the ideas that one needs seven to ogdoader from Decatur hours of quietus each night and alcohol helps one fall a kip and repose more soundly. One myth about sleep is that during sleeping, one is in a state of nothingness. In truth, however, it has been discovered that during sleep the brain is active, variations in heartbeat and breathing occur, and the eyes and ears are active throughout the time of sleep. These activities during a mortals sleep are important because they help that person be more aware, awake, and alert during consciousness. If all of these important activities occur during sleep, why is it that citizenry are so willing to short themselves of this vital activity? Although much about sleep still remains a mystery, research and experiments continue to file how important sleep is to each and every person. Throughout this paper, I will discuss sleep and the effects that it has on accomplishance and health, especially in college students. A college students sleeping pattern is a reliable indicator to their level of performance in the classroom and other school-affiliated activities, as a inadequacy of sleep leads to decreased performance. Sleep is directly related the level of performance and health in an individual the more rested a person is, the fall in that person will perform and feel (Dryer, 2006).One question that people seem to be unsure about is exactly how much sleep is exuberant sleep? In Inside Insomnia How to Sleep Better Tonight, Dryer tells that the ideal amount of sleep may vary from person to person. She states that while seven to eight hours may seem to be the accepted average, there are no fixed norms. Some people sleep two hours nightly, while others sleep society to twelve hours nightly without complaint. She go es on to say that as long as the hours of sleep that one has gotten leaves them feeling energetic and alert the next morning, then that person has met their sleep needs. Sleeping in excess does not always allow the person to feel more awake the next morning. Dryer believes that trying to sleep longer than needed will lead to hours of tossing and turning, and not necessarily feeling more awake the next morning. Basically, the ideal amount of sle... ...nied by misperceptions, illusions, and even hallucinations receivable to the lack of needed sleep (Zammit). Although rare and extreme, cases such as these have been documented. Sleep deprivation can also be detrimental when associated with emotional trauma. When deprived of sleep during a time of emotional distress, people are at a greater risk of becoming psychotic and needing electroshock therapy. While many of these effects are rare, they all have been known to exist. Research shows that sleep is a necessity in order for someone to be able to perform at their maximum potential. College students are no exception to the rule and are often at a greater risk to suffer from conditions that accompany sleep deprivation. Regardless of the time period, a college student must be well rested in order to perform at his or her best in terms of physical performance, memorization capabilities, and test-taking abilities. Also, without adequate sleep, the person will be more susceptible to illnesses, both mental and physical. In conclusion, I believe that sleep deprivation among college students is extremely common and has a direct effect on how well that student will perform or feel.

Diabetes Mellitus Study Guide

DIABETES MELLITUS * Chronic multisystem dz , ab public insulin compassuction / impaired utilization * Disorder of glucose metabolism related to absent/ insuff insulin supply or unequal utilization of inslin thats available * 7th leading typesetters case of death * leading cause of blindness, ESRD, measlyer limb amputation * contri entirelying factor for heart dz/ stroke encounter 2-4 x higher than without DM * INSULIN hormone produced by cells in islets of Langerhans of pancreas.Normal continously into declinationstream ( chief(a) rate), or increased w/ meals (bolus) * Normal glucose range 70-120 mg/dL, average insulin secreted routine 40-50 U 0. 6 U/kg * Glucagon, epinephrine, GH, cortisol oppose effects of insulin counterregulatory hormones they channel glucose lebels, stimulate glucose production by coloured, movement of glucose into cells. Insulin pink slipd from cells as precursor / proinsulin thru coloured enzymes form insulin & C-peptide ( C-peptide in serum & u rine indicator of cell function) * in plasma insulin later on meal storage of glucose as glycogen in liver/ muscle, inhibits gluconeogenesis, fat de set up, protein synthesis * Nl overnight fasting release of stored gucose from liver, protein from muscle, fat from adipose thread * Skeletal muscle & adipose tissue receptors for insulin insulin-dependent tissues fount I Diabetes Juvenile onset, insulin-dependent, s/s abrupt but dz process present for several yrs, 5-10%, absent or minimal insulin production, virus/toxins, under 40, 40% out front 20 yr * s/s thirst( polydipsia), polyuria, polyphagia ( hunger), fatigue, wt loss, Kussmaul respirations * immune mediated dz T-cells attack & destroy cells * genetic predisposition & exposure to virus * Idiopathic diabetes non atoimmune, strongly inherited, in small pt w/ type I DM , African/Asian * Predisposition HLAs human leukocyte ntigens when exposed to viral infection cells destruct * commodious preclinical period, s/s develop when pancreas can no longer produce sufficient insulin to maintain nl glucose take aims * Req. insulin from outside source exogenous insulin eg. guess * No insulin diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) life threatening, results in metabolic acidosis * honeymoon period newely diagnosed pts, tx initiated pt experience remissions req little insulin because cells produce suff amount of insulin lasts 3-12 mths then req constant insulin Prediabetes * risk for developing diabetes glucose levels high but not high enough for diabetes diagnosis * impaired fasting glucose IGF 100-125 mg/dL * 2 hr ad-lib glucose tolerance test OGTT 140-199 mg/dL * HgB A1C 5. 7%-6. 4% risk for diabetes * Increased risk for developing DM type II if no encumbrance measures develop DM in 10 yrs * Long term damage to body heart, blood watercrafts occur in prediabetes * Usually no symptoms * Maintain powerful weight, exercise regularly, healthy diet risk of developing diabetes Type II Diabetes * Adult onset, non-insul in dependent, 90% * 35, overweight, tendency to run n families * African Am, Asian, Hispanics, Amerian Indians Some insulin is produced but either insufficient for body withdraws / poorly utilized * Gradual onset, many yrs undetected hyperglycemia, 500-1000mg/dL * Early usu. asymptomatic high risk pt screen each year * Fatigue, recurrent inf, vaginal yeast inf, candida inf, prolonged wound healing, visual changes * Risk factor obesity ( abdominal/ visceral ) * 4 major metabolic abnormalities * insulin resistance tissue no response to insulin / unresp receptors receptors are located on skeletal muscles, fat & liver * ability of pancreas to produce insulin fatigued from compensatory prod of insulin, ell mass lost * inappropriate glucose by liver too much glucose for body needs type II * altered prod. of hormones & cytokines by adipose tissue ( adipokines) role in glucose & fat metabolism type II. Two adipokines ( adiponectin & leptin ) affect insulin sensitivity altered me chanism in type I & I * metabolic syndrome risk for type II & cardio dz, cluster of abnormalities, insulin resistance, insulin levels, triglycerides, HDLs, LDLs, HTN * Risk factors for metabolic syndrome central obesity, sedentary lifestyle, urbanization, westernization Gestational Diabetes During pregnancy, 7% of pregnancies * High risk laborious obesity, prior hx of gestational DM, glycosuria, polycystic ovary syndrome, family hx of DM II screened at 1st prenatal visit * Average risk OGTT at 24-28 wks of gestation * Higher risk of cesarean delivery, perinatal death, neonatal complications * Will have nl glucose levels within 6 wks postpartum but risk of DM II in 5-10 yrs * Nutritional therapy 1st line , if doesnt bestow insulin therapy Other specific types of diabetes * Due to other medical condition or treatment causes abn blood glucose levels * Damage , injury, destruction of cell function Cushings, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis, hyperali mentation * Meds corticosteroid (prednisone), thiazides, phenytoin(Dilantin), antipsychotics clozapine * Tx underlying condition, stop meds Diagnostic studies * A1C 6. 5 % greater convenience, no fasting req, less day to day alterations during stress/ unsoundness * FPG 126 no caloric in mother for 8 hrs prior trial runen confirmed by repeated testing another day if has s/s and FPG126 further testing OGTT not req * 2 hr OGTT 200, glucose load 75g accuracy depends on pt preparation, and factors that influence results.False negative impaired GI absorption, falsely elevated severe restrictions of carbs, acute illness, meds corticosteroids, contraceptives, love rest * IFG impaired fasting glucose & IGT prediabetes, 100-125 mg/dL, IGT 2 hr 140-199 * Glycosylated HgB HgB A1C amount of glucose attached to HgB molecules over lifespan ( RBC 90-120 days ) DM pts should check it regularly, through with(p) to monitor success of tx / make changes to tx 6. % risk of retinopathy, kidney disease, neuropathy dz affecting RBCs can affect A1C results Treatment * Goals s/s, promote well being, hold open acute complications, prevent/ interrupt onset/ progression met when pt maintain glucose level as near to nl, daily decisions about feed intake, blood glucose testing meds, exercise * Rapid playacting insulin lispro (Humalog), aspart (NovoLog) onset 0-15 min, peak 60-90 min, dur. -4 hrs , nominate, give 15 min onward meals bolus * Short acting Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R) onste ? -1 hr, peak 2-3hr, dur 3-6 hrs, injected 30-45 min before meals bolus * Intermediate acting NPH, basal insulin, onset 2-4hrs, peak 4-10hrs can result in hypoglycemia, dur. 10-16 hrs, can be mixed w/ short & rapid, cloudy, must be agitated before adm. Long acting glargine (Lantus), detemir ( Levemir) addition to mealtime insulin, type I, to laterality glucose mingled with meals & overnight, without it risk of developing DKA, no peak risk of hypoglycemia , not diluted or mixed, clear onset 1-2 hrs, dur. 24hrs +, basal * Combination pt dont want 2 separate injections, 2 type of insulin mixed together, not same control of glucose levels as with basal-bolus ahort/rapid mixed w/ ntermediate provide both mealtime & basal coverage * Storage vials room temperature 4 wks, heat & freezing alter insulin, between 32-86 F avoid direct exp to sunlight, extra insulin in fridge/ traveling-thermos, Prefilled syringes sight impaired, manual dexterity syringes w/ cudy solution in vertical position needle up to avoid clumping of suspension, rolled gently, warm before injection. * Injection abdomen fastest absorption arm, thigh, buttock, rotate within 1 particular position never into site thats about to be exercised (heat = absorption & onset), vial 1ml=100U, SQ 90 degrees * Needles ? 5/16 inch (short children, thin adults) gauges 28,29,30,31 higher gauge = little diameter = more comfortable injection * Recapping done only by person using syringe, never recap syringe used by pt alcohol swabs in health manage facility before inj to HAI, at home soap & water * Insulin pump continuous subq insulin infusion 24 hr/d basal rate , loaded w/ rapid acting insulin via plastic tubing to catheter in subq tissue.At meal time bolus . (+) tight glucose control, similar to nl physical pattern, nl lifestyle, more flexibility (-) infection at site, risk of DKA, cost Problems w/ insulin therapy * Hypoglycemia * Allergic rxn itching, erythema, burning around inj. site, may improve w/ low dose antihistamine rxns to Zinc, protamine, latex , rubber stoppers on vials * Lipodystrophy atrophy of subq tissue if same inj site used Somogyi effect rebound effect, overdose of insulin induces undetected hypoglycemia in hrs of sleep, produces glucose decline in response to too much insulin s/s headaches, night sweats, nightmares if in morning glucose adcised to check glucose levels at 2-4am if hypoglycemia present at that time.If it is insulin dosage in affect ing morning blood glucose is reduced TX less insulin * Dawn phenomenon hyperglycemia on awakening in the morning collectible to release counterregulatory hormones in predawn hrs ( possibly GH/cortisol) adolescence/ young TX adjustment in clock of insulin adm. or in insulin. Predawn fasting glucose levels insulin production from pancreas , s. ff wt gain, hypoglycemia * Meglitinides repaglinide(Prandin) insulin prod, less likely cause hypoglycemia because more rapidly absorbed/eliminated, cause wt gain, take 30 min before meal, not if skipped * Biguanides Metformin glucose lowering, first choice DM II/prediabetes, obese & starch blockers slow down carbs absorption, taken with first bite, effectiveness check 2 hr postprandial glucose levels * Thiazolidinediones Avandia insulin sensitizers, for pts w/ insulin resistance, dont insulin Production, not cause hypoglycemia risk of MI, stroke , not for pt w/ HF * DPP4 inhibitor Januvia new class, slow inactivation of incretin hormo nes DDP4 inh are glucose dependent = risk of hypoglycemia, no wt gain * Incretin mimetics exenatide (Byetta) stimulate incretin horm which are in DM II, stim. of insulin, Suppress glucagon, satiety = caloric intake, slows gastric change prefilled pen * Amylin analog Amylin hormone secreted by cells, co secreted w/ insulin Pramlintide (Symlin) is Synthetic , type I & II when glucose level not achieved w/ insulin at mealtimes , subq thigh or abdomen NOT arm , not mixed w/ insulin cause severe hypoglycemia * blockers masks s/s of hypoglycemia, prolong hypoglycemic effects of insulin * Thiazide / loop diuretic hyperglycemia, K Nutrition Type I meal planning, exercise, developed w/ pts eating habits & activity pattern in mind, day to day consistency in timing & amount of food eaten * Type II wt loss = improved insulin resistance, total fats & simple sugars = calorie & carbs intake Spacing meals , wt loss 5-7% = glycemic control, regular exercise * Carbohydrates sugar, starches , character whole grains, fruits, veggies, low fat milk included min 130g/d * Glycemic index GI describe blood glucose levels 2 hrs after carb meal , GI of 100 = 50g glucose * Fiber intake 14g/1000 kcal * Fats 7% of total calories , 200mg/d cholesterol & trans fats * Protein same for diabetes / normal renal function / gen. population, high proein diet not recommended * Alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis ( breakdown of glycogenglucose) by liver severe hypoglycemia in pt on insulin / oral hypoglycemic dx.Moderate alcohol consumption 2 drinks men, pass over carbs w/ each meal & daily, set limit for max amount ( depends on age, wt, activity level) usu. 45-60g /meal also My Pyramid & plate method ( ? nonstarchy veggies, ? starch, ? protein, skim milk & fruit * Exercise 150 min/wk moderate intensity aerobic DM II resistance training 3 x wk, or so adults should 30 min moderate intensity activity 5 x most days * Exercise insulin resistance, blood glucose, wt loss which insulin resi stance ( may need less meds), triglycerides, LDL, HDL, BP, circulation * Start slowly w/ progression. Insulin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides risk of hypoglycemia with increase physical activity esp if exercise at peak of dx or no food intake.Effect may last 48 hrs post exercise Exercise 1 hr after meal, have 10-15g carb snack every 30 min. during exercise (prevent hypoglycemia). originally exercise glucose immediate info about glucose levels can make adjustments diet, activity, meds * Recomm. for all insulin-treated pts * Multiple insulin injections 3 or more x day, done before meals, before & after exercise esp in type I, whenever hypoglycemia suspected, when ill (stress), 2 hrs after start of meal if effective Pancreas transplantation * For pt w/ ESRD, plan to have kidney transplant * Pancreas transplanted following kidney transplant, pancreas alone rare * Pancreas alone only if hx of severe metabolic complications, emotional roblems w/ exogenous insulin, failure of insulin-base d care * Improve quality of life, no exogenous insulin need, no dietary restrictions * Only partially able to reverse renal & neurologic complications * Need lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection * Pancreatic islet cell transplantation in experimental stage, islets from deceased pancreas via catheter into abdomen portal vein Nursing eradicatement * Pt active player in management of diabetes regimen * Few/no episodes of acute hyper/hypoglycemic episodes, maintain glucose level near nl * Prevent/ delay degenerative complications * Adjust lifestyle to accommodate DM regimen w/ min. stress Nursing assessment Past hx mumps, rubella, viral inf, recent trauma, stress, pregnancy, infant9lbs, Cushing, acromegaly, family hx of DM * Meds compliance w/ insulin, OA corticosteroids, phenytoin, diuretics * Eyes drop down eyeballs, vitreal hemorrhages, cataract * Skin dry, warm, inelastic, pigmented lesions on legs, ulcers(feet), loss of hair on toes * Respiratory Kussmaul rapid, deep * Cardio hypotension, imperfect rapid pulse * GI dry mouth, vomiting, fruity breath * Neuro altered reflexes, restlessness, confusion, coma * MS muscle wasting * Also electrolyte abnormalities, fasting glucose level 126, tolerance test 200, leukocytosis, BUN, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, A1C 45yrs without risk factors for diabetes Acute intervention * Hypoglycemia, DKA, HHS hypersmolar hyperglycemic syndrome * Stress f acute illness/ surgery counterregulatory hormones hyperglycemia ( even minor upper resp infection or flu can cause this) * Continue regular diet, noncaloric fluids (broth, water, diet gelatin, decaffeinated), take OA/insulin as prescribed, monitor glucose Q4H * Acutely ill DM I , glucose240 test urine for ketones Q3-4H , medium/large report to MD * Ill eat than normal continue OA meds/ insulin as prescribed + carbohydrate containing fluids (soup, juices, decaffeinated) * Unable to keep fluids/ food down MD * Dont stop insulin when ill counterregulatory mechanisms will glucose level * Food intake important body needs extra energy to deal w/ stress Extra insulin may be needed to get wind this demand, prevent DKA in DM I * Intraoperative IV fluids & insulin before, during, after sx when theres no oral intake In DM II w/ OA explain its temporary measure, doesnt mean worsening of DM * If contrast medium (w/iodine) Metformin discontinued 1-2 days before sx, resumed 48 hrs after sx risk of acute renal failure.Resume after kidney function nl ( creatinine checked & is nl) * Insulin adm teach proper administration, adjustments, side effects, assess response to insulin tx, if new to insulin assess ability to manage tx safely, cognitive status, ability to recognize/ tx hypoglycemia, if cognitive skill another responsible person must be assigned diff to self inject/ afraid of needles * attach to ups inspect injection sites ( lipodystrophy ) * Short term memory deficit OA or short acting OA cuz doesnt cause hypogly cemia * OA w/ diet & activity, not take extra pill when overeating * Diligent skin care & dental aily brushing/ flossing, inform dentist about DM * Foot care scrapes, burns treated promptly & monitored nonirritating antiseptic ointment dry sterile pad not start to heal in 24 hrs or infection MD * Regular eye exams * Travel sedentary walk Q2H to prevent DVT & prevent glucose , carry snacks, extra insulin COMPLICATIONS Diabetic Ketoacidosis DKA * Diabetic coma Profound wishing of insulin hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, dehydration * Most likely in DM I pts, but sometimes in DM II ( severe illness/ stress) * Causes illness, infection, undiagnosed DM I, inadeq insulin dosage, poor self management, neglect * Insulin glucose cant be properly used for energy fat broken for fuel ketones (by product) serious when excessive in blood alter pH, cause metabolic acidosis ketonuria (in urine) & electrolyes depleted impaired protein synthesis, nitrogen lost from tissues * Untreated dep letion of Na, K, Cl, Mg, phosphate hypovolemiarenal failure/ retention of ketones & glucose shockcoma (result of dehydration, lytes & acidosis)death * s/s dehydration, poor turgor, dry mm, HR, orthostatic hypotension, Kussmaul , abdominal pain, sunken eyeballs, acetone fruity odor, ahead of time s/s lethargy,weakness * blood glucose 250, arterial blood pH IV approach path begin fluid/ electrolyte replacement NaCL 0. 45% or 0. 9% to restore urine output 30-60 ml/hr & BP * glucose level approach 250 5% grape sugar added * In catch up with fluid repl sudden Na & cerebral edema * Obtain K level before insulin started insulin further K * Insulin withheld until fluid resuscitation & K3. 5 * in any case rapid IV fluids & rapid lowering of glucose cerebral edema Hypersmolar hyperglycemic syndrome HHS * Life threatening, able to produce insulin to prevent DKA but not enough to prevent severe hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis, ECF depletion * Less common than DKA * Often 60, in DM II Causes UTI, pneumonia, sepsis, acute illness, new DM II * Asymptomatic in early stages so glucose can rise very high 600mg/dL * The higher glucose in serum osm neurologic manifestations somnolence, coma, seizures, hemiparesis, aphasia * Resemble CVA (stroke) determine glucose level for correct dx * Ketones absent in urine * Tx similar to DKA * First IV 0. 45% or 0. 9% NS, regular insulin given after fluid replacement * Glucose decide to 250 add glucose 5% grape sugar * Hypokalemia not as meaningful as in DKA * HHs require greater fluid replacement * Assess VS, I&O, turgor, labs, cardiac / renal monitoring related to hydration & electrolyte levels, mental status, serum osm Hypoglycemia Low blood glucose glucagon & epinephrine defense against hypoglycemia * s/s of epinephrine shaking, palpitations, nervousness, diaphoresis, anxiety, hunger, luridness * brain req constant supply of glucose when affect mental functioning LOC, diff speaking, visual disturbances, confusion, coma, death * Hypoglycemis unawareness no warning signs until glucose reach critical point incoherent, combative, LOC much elderly w/ beta blocker meds * When very high glucose level fall too rapidly, too vigorous management of hyperglycemia * Mismatch in timing of food intake & peak of isulin/ OA * Can be quickly reversed Check glucose levels, if contain fat that glucose absorption check glucose in 15 min * Still 70 eat regular meal/snack low peanut butter, bread, cheese, crackers, check glucose in 45 min * No significant imptovement after 2-3 doses of 15g carb MD * Pt not alert to swallow 1mg glucagon IM in deltoid muscle ( nausea, vomiting rebound hypoglycemia) * Hospital setting 20-50ml of 50% dextrose IV push * CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DM Angiopathy * end organ dz from damage to blood vessels (angiopathy) 2nd to chronic hyperglycemia * leading cause of diabetes-related deaths, 68% deaths due to cardio, 16% strokes * causes accumul.Of glucose metabolism by products (sorbit ol) damage to nerve cells, abnormal glucose molecules in basement membrane of small blood vessels (eye,kidney), derangement in RBCs oxygenation to tissues * DM I keep blood glucose levels near to normal retinopathy & nephropathy (complications of microvascular complications) Macrovascular complications * Dz of large, medium size blood vessels , earlier onset in pt w/ diabetes * W 4-6x risk of cardiovascular dz, M 2-3 x * risk factors obesity, smoking, HTN, fat intake & sedentary lifestyle * Smoking injurious to pt w/DM, risk for blood vessel dz, CV dz, stroke, lower extremity amputations * Maintain BP control prevention of CV / renal dz Microvascular complication * Thickening of vessel membranes in capillaries/ arterioles in response to chronic hyperglycemia * Are specific to diabetes Eyes ( retinopathy ), kidneys ( nephropathy ), skin (dermopathy ) * Some changes present w/DM II at time of dx, but s/s not appear until 10-20 yrs after onset of DM * Diabetic retinopathy micro vascular damage to retina, most common cause of blindness 20-74 yrs old. Nonproliferative most common, partial layover of small blood vesselin retina microaneurysms, Proloferative most severe, involves retina & vitreous neovasculization ( form new blood vessels to compensate) if macula involved vision is lost * DM II dilated eye exam at time of diagnosis & annually, DM I within 5 yrs after DM onset * Laser photocoagulation * Virectomy * Glaucoma Nephropathy microvascular complication, damage to small blood vessels that supply glomeruli / kidney.Leading cause of ESRD in US same risk for DM I & II HTN, smoking, genetic predisposition, chronic hyperglycemia * Screen for nephropathy annually w/ measurement albumin / creatinine ratio * If micro/macroalbuminuria ACE inh ( lisinopril ) or angiotensin II rec antagonist ( Cozaar ) tx HTN & delay progression of nephropathy * Aggressive BP management & tight glucose control Neuropathy arresting neuropathy (PNS) loss of protective sensati on in lower extremities amputations * Hyperglycemia sorbitol & fructose accumulate in nerve damage * Distal symmetric polyneuropathy hand/ feet bilaterally * Loss of sensation to touch/ temperature * Pain burning, cramping, crushing, tearing , at night * Paresthesias tingling , burning, itching * At times skin too sensitive (hyperesthesia) * Foot injury & ulcerations without having pain TX blood glucose control, topical creams capsaicin ( Zostrix ) 3-4 X/d pain in 2-3 wks, selective serotonin, norepinephrine reuptake inh ( Cymbalta ), pregabali ( Lyrica ), gabapentin Autonomic neuropathy can affect all body systems & lead to hypoglycemic unawareness, bowel incontinence, diarrhea, urinary retention Complications * Delayed gastric emptying ( gastroparesis ) anorexia, n/v, reflux, fullness, can trigger hypoglycemia by delaying food absorption * Cardiovascular abnormalities , postural hypotension assess change from lying, sitting, standing, painless MI, resting tachycardia HR * Risk for falls * Sexual dysfunction ED in diabetic men 1st s/s of autonomic failure * Neurogenic bladder urinary retention, diff. voiding, weak stream empty bladder Q3H in sitting position, Crede maneuver ( massage lower abdomen) * Cholinergic agonists benthanechol Feet & lower extremities Risk for foot ulcerations & lower extremity amputations * Sensory neuropathy major rosk for amputations due to loss of protective sensations LOPS * Unaware of foot injury, improper footwear, stepping on objects w/ bare feet * Screening using microfilament insensitivity to 10g Semmes-Weinstein risk for ulcers * decorous footwear, avoid injuries, diligent skin care, inspect feet daily * PAD risk for amputations due to blood flow to lower extremities * PAD s/s intermittent claudication, pain at rest, cold feet, loss of hair, cap refill, dependent rubor ( redness when extr in dependent position ) * DX ankle brachial index ABI & angiography * roll to redistribute weight on plantar surface * Wound control debridement, dressings, vacuum, skin grafting etc. Charcots foot ankle & foot changes occasion deformity need fitted footwear * Acanthosis nigricans dark, coarse, thickened skin in flexures & neck * Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum DM I, red-yellow lesions w/ atrophic skin , shiny & transparent disclosure blood vessels under the surface young women * Granuloma annulare DM I, autoimmune, partial rings of papules, dorsal surface of hands/ feet Infection Candida albicans, boils, furuncles, bladder infections (glycosuria) antibiotics Gerentologic * reduction in cells, insulin sensitivity, altered carbohydrate metabolism * 20 % 65 YO * of conditions treated w/ meds that impair insulin action (

Financial Analysis Decision Making

FACS foliate 1 If you require a receipt for the post faculty work please actualize the form be broken and clip it to the outside front of your assignment, together with a stamped pre-addressed envelope. * To be completed by the student * * * * observe MODULE CHUTSANA NA NAGARA m cardinaltary ANALYSIS & CONTROL SYSTEMS MODULE DATE 3rd, 4th, seventh December 2007 DUE DATE FOR POST MODULE WORK January 28, 2008 I confirm the post-module work relating to the above module was received on Signature . Warwick Manufacturing Group N. B. Post Module Work received by WMG after 16. 0 (Monday- Friday) ordain be stamped as having arrived on the next working day. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS pageboy 2 I declargon that the work contained in this assignment is my own, unless other stated. Signed Chutsana Na Nagara (for on-line submission it is precisely necessary to type your name in this space) MODULE TITLE MODULE DATE GROUP stimulate FINANCIAL ANALYSIS & CONTROL SYSTEMS 3rd, 4th, 7t h December 2007 B CHUTSANA NA NAGARA (0654258) Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS scalawag 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS foliate Question 1 Analysis of the Financial Reports Electrocomponents plc. Brief Description of Electrocomponents Plc. 4 Evaluation of Company Performance .. 7 Group Income disputation and Profit big communication channelman Ratios . 7 Group resi referable Sheet. 9 Efficiency Ratios.. 10 Liquidity Ratios 3 Investment Ratios. 14 Group Cash melt down Statement .. 16 Conclusion . 16 Corporate Governance .. 17 Ethical Concerns .. 8 Suggestions 18 Question 2 Management Accounting Part A Cash Management. 21 Part B (1) Budgeting .. 23 Part B (2) Marginal embodying. 24 App determinationix 6 References. 34 Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 4 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Question 1 Analysis of the Financial Reports Brief description of the society Electrocomponents Public Company Limited is a extravagantly work distri thator of electronic, electrome chanical and wider industrial products. They supply products to world-wide engineering customers. The sort operates in 27 countries, covering 82% of global GDP, and supplies to most of the remaining countries worldwide via third party distributors.Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 5 Group Strategya three stratum-plan commencing from May 2005 ? Focus separately on devil clear-cut customer groups, Electronic and Electromechanical (EEM) and Maintenance and cook and Operations (MRO) by extending products ranges and availability to build on the enthusiastic response and meet customer expectations. ? ? besidesl the integrated system, Enterprise communication channel System (EBS) Create a lower address infrastructure moving to new(a) head regions, tighter bind of costs, supply bowed stringed instrument management, for instances Main Products Nearly 350,000 products around the world.The main product ranges ar ? ? ? ? Electrical, automation and cables Electronic componen ts, power and connectors Mechanical products and tools IT, test and safety equipment Main Customer Groups mea legitimate around 1. 5 million customers from both industrial sectors ar typic every last(predicate)y research and development (R&D) or maintenance engineers in wrinkle. They as well as sell products to end customers. Currently they be focusing on 2 main customer groups refer to product groups. 1. Electronic and Electromechanical or EEM Primary customers be electronics devise and pre and low volume electronics production.This has been hitchn as an attractive and growing segment because of strong electronics trade growth, technology proliferation and R&D coronation. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 6 2. Maintenance, Repair and Operations or MRO Within MRO, their important customer is involved in factory automation that primarily uses process curb and automation products (PCA). Main Markets ar divided into 4 geographical commonwealths UK, continental Europe , North America and Asia Pacific. below. UK 40% Current market size (in gross gross revenue) is shown Continental Europe 33% Asia Pacific 9% North America 18% Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258)FACS Page 7 Channels ? Catalogue a traditional channel ? e-Commerce inwardness around 25% of groups sales ? sight counters/Sales Offices operating globally Evaluation of Company Performance.. Four techniques are selected (horizontal analysis, trend analysis, vertical analysis, and ratio analysis) to show and illustrate assembly line concern performance during socio-economic class 2007 equivalence to 2006 and 2005. For trend analysis, Y2005 is assumed to be a base year (= nose smokedy%) as it was the last year before massive investments and reorganization projects took place as well as implementation of maintaining dividend paid/share.Ratios will be divided into four groups to evaluate company performance in separate areas. Group Income Statement and Profitability Ratios.. (Calculations in Appendix1-2) Trend analysis shows sales have change magnituded by 13% from Y2005 as international sales increased (Business Review) due to a combination of strong revenue growth in continental Europe, North America (joint promotions programs), and Asia Pacific specially a successful customer acquisition program and theatrical role from new Thailand sales office.However, cost of sales has increased by greater gist (by 20%). Generally speaking, cost of sales should non increase much to a greater extent than increase in sales because this shows that all produced goods might non be sell (stolen, defected, etc. ) or raw Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 8 material cost greatly rose due to inefficient procurement. Also, normally when sales increases, cable will receive discounts from big batch purchases and even reduces cost of sales. By comparing cost of sales with sales Y2005 was accounted for 47% but Y2006-7 was the same at 49% of sales.So the problem for Electrocomponents might be, (Chief Executives and Business Review), that their scheme to expand product ranges, availability, and promotions to better satisfy and attracts customers in highly hawkish markets. These light-emitting diode to increase in pedigree holding and cost of sales. As a result, gross return increased by only 4% from Y2006 or 8% from Y2005 (lesser amount than sales growth). directly abnormal. Gross gain ground and mark-up ratios are Gross Profit Ratio Gross Profit x ascorbic acid Sales Y2007 443. 5 x hundred = 50. 5 % 877. 5 Y2006 426. 4 x one C = 51. 5 % 828. 5 Gross profit ratio shows every ? sales business earned 50. 5pence and cost of sales took 49. 5p from it because of increase in cost of sales as mentioned earlier. To illustrate, sales increased by 5. 9% (877. 5 -828. 5? m) but cost of sales increased by 7. 9% (434 402. 1? m). Mark-up Ratio Gross Profit x one C Cost of Sales Y2007 443. 5 x one hundred = 102. 2 % 434 Y2006 426. 4 x one hundred = 106% 402. 1 Mar k-up ratio shows the profit business added up to cost of sales has diminish. Gross profit derived from sales deducted by cost of sales. They normally change adversely the much cost of sales, the less gross profit.Ratio also illustrates market situation UK is their biggest but highest competitive market (Business Review) so increasing price to raise profit is prohibited. That is why business earned only 2. 2pence profit after deducting all cost of sales. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 9 For internal comparison, Gross profit ratio is compared with net margin ratio light up Margin Ratio run Profit x light speed Sales Y2007 91. 1 x speed of light = 10. 4 % 877. 5 Y2006 68. 5 x nose candy = 8. 3 % 828. 5 They are measuring profitability at contrasting aims. Although gross profit ratio falling offd, net margin ratio increased.This supports that business better managed operating expenses through achieving in Enterprise Business Systems or EBS and reorganization projects. In other words, It is justified that (13%increase) distribution and marketing expenses which seems to be variable costs (especially sales commissions) for Y2007 has changed in relation to sales (14%increase)comparing to Y2006 these expenses increased 15% while sales only increased 7%. This was because strong field sales team in North America, EBS, and Japans e-commerce increased to 57% of its sales, (Business Review).Moreover, administrative expenses ( persistent costs) greatly decreased (78%) because reorganization project led to low infrastructure cost especially the removal of around one hundred ten affairs including the closure of the telemarketing department in the UK (Webpage1). So, total operating expenses decreased to 40% as a percentage of sales and led to increase in operating profit by 32% from Y2006. Regarding profitability, the business is doing well in terms of generating profits from worldwide sales growth which is supported by powerful marketing activities, product strategies, and investment projects.Group Balance Sheet. (Also refer to Appendix3-4) Overall picture, Y2007 total assets were well-nigh the same as Y2005, despite a slight increase in Y2006s. On the other side (assets = liabilities + equity), while fixed liabilities and equity decreased, stream liabilities was the Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 10 only one area that greatly increased especially loans and borrowings that increased by ? m56 and also with increases in trade and other payables by ? m9. 4. For further analysis, we shall look at detailed performance from ratios.Efficiency ratios inventorying Turnover Ratio (times) Cost of Sales (Ending) Inventory Y2007 434 160. 6 Y2007 434 159. 6 = 2. 7 = 2. 7 402. 1 158. 6 Y2006 402. 1 150. 45 Y2006 = 2. 5 Cost of Sales (Average) Inventory = 2. 7 Inventory turnover ratio If average inventory is used to calculate ratio, business remains aptitude of purchasing and interchange goods at the same level of 2. 7times. A high relativ e volume of 2. 7times turnover agent business had only 4 months of sales in storehouse.However, it is tillable to use ending inventory as it was the most current inventory level business held and it shows that supply chain management truly helped improve stock turn from 2. 5 to 2. 7times (Business Review). Notes17 illustrates that business t finish to increase raw materials while decrease finished goods. In general, when sales increase, business should stock finished goods for availability to customers non raw materials as they are not immediately ready for sale. However, ratio quite a little mislead if business stocks too much and cost of sales are not well-managed, the ratio still increases and problems are hidden.Debtor Collection Period (days) Receivables x 365 (Average) Trade Debtors Y2007 150. 5 x 365 = 62. 6 877. 5 Y2006 138. 2 x 365 = 60. 9 828. 5 Debtor collection period Gross trade debtors (from Notes18) comparing to sales shows business has begun to weaken than Y2006 and industry figure because median period for UK is about only 50 days, Dyson1 Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 11 (2007). Also, if comparing it with inventory turnover ratio, company sold products quicker but collected silver slower. The realistic reason might be current global expansions, for example, new trades in Thailand.Payment transactions are neither yet well-settled nor fluxing smoothly therefore, increase leadtime. Also, it is contingent that customers buy more because attractive credits terms are offered especially high competitive and mature market like UK (Notes2 and Business review). This is meaningless because salesnot silver inflow increases. Moreover, business must ensure the collection period is shorter than credit sales otherwise business can go bankruptcy. Net Assets Turnover (times) Sales Capital Employed Y2007 877. 5 450. 4 = 1. 9 828. 5 543. 5 Y2006 = 1. 5Net asset turnover shows the improvements in efficient utilization of neat employed to contr ibute sales. Every ? 1invested in assets, business earned nearly ? 2sales. Sales increased (as earlier mentioned) while capital employed greatly decreased mainly because of increase in current liabilities especially unsecured bank facilities and loans, Notes20. Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio (times) Sales Fixed Assets NBV (NBV = Net Book Value) Y2007 877. 5 95. 3 = 9. 2 828. 5 96. 3 Y2006 = 8. 6 Fixed asset turnover ratio Business had better utilized fixed assets to generate sales or they began to pay off.In other words, every ? 1fixed assets invested can generate sales ? 9. 2. Main effects were from decrease in net book assess of nonphysical assets (Notes12) and slightly increase in property, plant and equipment (Notes13). However, sales increased in greater amount hence, satisfied ratio. It is wise to compare net book value with other businesses (on like-for-like basis) or industrial ratio for comparisons of performance and come in. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 12 Simil arly, fixed assets can be compared with operating profit to show its ability to generate profitnot just sales.Operating Profit Fixed Assets NBV Y2007 91. 1 95. 3 = 1. 0 times 68. 5 96. 3 Y2006 = 0. 7 times capability to generate profit has also ameliorate therefore, business well utilized fixed assets to generate both(prenominal) sales and profit. In similar fashion, we can see how well business utilized total assets as below. Return on Total Assets Operating Profit x 100 Total Assets Y2007 91. 1 x 100 = 13. 5 % 676. 8 Y2006 68. 5 x 100 = 9. 7 % 703. 3 Return on total asset ratio shows that company has improved on utilizing each ? 1total assets invested to generate profit.Ratio is higher due to decrease in intangible assets (Notes12), interchange and cash equivalents (Notes28), while increase in operating profit. Regarding efficiency in using assets, business is also doing well in this area accept for debtor collection period that has slightly gone up two more days and is still much retentiveer than the average UKs, Dyson1 (2007). This suggests business closely control international sales and payments along with its expansions. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 13 Liquidity ratios. (Also refer to Appendix3-4)Current Ratio Inventory + Debtors + Cash + brief term investments Creditors + Short term loans + Overdrafts Y2007 350. 7 211. 9 = 1. 7 360. 3 146. 5 Y2006 = 2. 5 This measures how well business can immediately pay debt from sufficient liquid resources when it falls due. It shows their ability to use any ? 1current assets to pay current debts was weaker because creditors and enormous current borrowings/loans increased (Notes19-20) while decreased in cash and cash equivalents especially call deposits and investments (Notes28). We further look at acid test.Acid Test Debtors + Cash + Short term investments Creditors + Short term loans + Overdrafts Y2007 190. 1 211. 9 = 0. 9 201. 7 146. 5 Y2006 = 1. 4 Normally, inventory cannot immediately turn to c ash. Acid test which excludes inventory shows real business ability to meet its obligations. Acid test declines to even lower than 1 showing a worrying sign. Business invested in too much inventory such as product ranges which affected their liquidity. Although, some liabilities whitethorn not be due in some months, business cannot flatten the situation.Their liquidity seems very stretch at the moment as the two ratios shows a warning sign that business did not maintain proper level of liquidity and can expose to more severe financial risk unless they make soonest improvement. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 14 Investment ratios (Also refer to Appendix3-4) caravan Ratio (Fixed loans and borrowings + Current loans and borrowings Cash and cash equivalents) x 100 truth Y2007 (76. 3 + 79 -19. 1) x 100 304. 6 = 44. 7 % Y2006 (137. 2 + 23 39. 4) x 100 336. 4 = 35. 9 % Interest unfold (times)Operating Profit Interest Charges Y2007 91. 1 5. 9 = 15. 4 68. 5 3. 4 Y2006 = 20. 1 Operating Profit (%Change Y2006-7) (91. 1 68. 5) x 100 68. 5 = 33 % Interest Charges (%Change Y2006-7) (5. 9 3. 4) x 100 3. 4 = 74 % wagon train ratio increased from Y2006 This illustrates business depends more on borrowed funds rather than shareholder funds. It seems that business borrowed short term loans for (main consumption) development of new warehouse and office in North America (Business Review, Notes2). At the same time, shareholder funds decreased due to decrease in other militia, Notes26 hence higher ratio.Regarding shareholders view, they may be in high financial risk as borrowing spare-time activitys must be paid before distributing dividend and, in liquidation lenders will be repaid before shareholders receive any repayments, FACS1. The gearing ratio itself does not mean very much because it depends on type of business and investment stage. We compare it with interest cover Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 15 which decreased due to interest charges increased by greater amount (74%) than profit (33%). It shows that operating profit can only cover interest charges 15. times so again this is because interests paid for current borrowings/loans as mentioned earlier. Dividends = 18. 4p per share for three years Refer to Chairman Statement the Board announced in Y2005 that business would maintain dividend paid at 18. 4p per share for the following three years. This is good for shareholders as they know exactly what they will receive, however, it is very risky for business as they must ensure to earn sufficient profit to meet what they said or, if not, business must seek new funding sources to finance such commitment. Return on Shareholder FundProfit after Tax & Interest x 100 Shareholders Funds Y2007 56. 2 x 100 = 18. 5 % 304. 6 Y2006 43. 6 x 100 = 13 % 336. 4 Return on shareholder funds increased because of increase in profit after tax revenue and interest which is mainly due to no provisions for Y2007 RoHS cost (Notes3, 11), profit on sale of former head office (Notes5, 11), and decrease in other reserves in shareholder funds (Notes26). This gives confidence to shareholders that every ? 1invested can generate profit 5. 5% higher than Y2006. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 16 Group Cash Flow StatementThe statement illustrates profits earned each year is totally different from cash they hold. It serves as a tool for management control that allows business monitor their cash flows especially the cash outflows. The first major cash outflow was capital expenditure and financial investment which might be due to infrastructure projects business is implementing especially new warehouse in North America, (Notes2, Business Review). Moreover, Income Statement for year ended 2005-7 shows profits after tax and interests attributable to equity shareholders (? m67. 6, 43. , and 56. 2 for Y2005-7 respectively) are less than total dividends paid of ? m80 (18. 4p/share). This is probably the reason that business had new bank lo ans during these three consecutive years (Cash Flow Statement). Although loans might also be distributed to other activities, it seems that they were partially paid as dividends as announcement in Y2005. Consequently, this is why Y2007 profit (? m85. 2) which increased from Y2006 (? m65. 1), was actually left at the end of the trading year as real cash and cash equivalents at only ? m17. 2 decreased from ? m38.Conclusion In conclusion, since the business has been established in 1928, they are growing and expanding internationally rapidly (Webpage2 and Webpage3). At present, they are doing well in term of profitability, efficiency, and investment areas, or to say, they are succeeding in sustaining global sales growth across the group, grow margin stabilization and tight control of costs. ROCE ratio also illustrates overall success. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 17 Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) Operating Profit x 100 Capital Employed Y2007 91. 1 x 100 = 20. 2 % 450. Y2006 68. 5 x 100 = 12. 6 % 543. 5 ROCE is the combination of Net Margin and Net Assets Turnover. As earlier mentioned both ratios increase and led to significantly increased ROCE. It suggests that overall performance is satisfied due to effective pricing and cost management as well as asset management were improved comparing to Y2006. This also illustrates overall success in EBS, product strategy, new technology launches, supplier relationships and low costs projects that are paying off. The number of times (1. 9) that net assets can generate sales is very important as one turn equals to 10. % that sales can generate profit. That is why ROCE = 20. 2% as it equals two turns. This suggests that it may greatly increases sales very soon because business recently plans to accelerate sales growth in China which is a big potential market and if business can manage to utilize assets well, there will be increase in profit on capital employed even more. Furthermore, it is better if the ROCE rate of 20. 2% is less than the rate of cost (interest rate) that business pays for money borrowed to invest in these assets because it means assets are used for generating profit that can cover cost of acquiring them.Regarding Corporate Governance (Webpage4), the business is subject to the provisions of the Combined Code on Corporate Governance published in July 2003 and appended to the Listing Rules of the UK Listing Authority. There are many practices company must follow. For example, the Audit Committee shall consist of not less than three members and be independent non-executive directors. Also, it is authorized by the Board and able to investigate any activity within its Terms of Reference which allows for encompassing access to Company information and can seek that information from any employee of the business.Employees are directed to co-operate with any request made by the Committee. If, at all time, company strictly follows the set rules, they can ensure operating properly. Ch utsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 18 Moreover, regarding Ethical concerns (Business Review), they are focusing on many areas of responsibilities such as ethical trading and sets of KPI for environmental concerns. Along with their profitability, business is considered be on track of long term prosperous. However, there is one important area that needs to be immediately improved. This is liquidity. From the logic belowTotal assets = Fixed Liabilities + Current Liabilities + 676. 8 100% = = 145. 8 21. 54% + + 226. 4 33. 45% + + Equity 304. 6 ? m 45. 01% or Sources of asset investments are from three parts. Business acquires funds from borrowings/loans 54. 99% (21. 54% + 33. 45%) which exceeds equity (45. 01%). The proportion shows business is considered at high risk. This evidence is also strongly supported by earlier ratios and cash flow analysis. Suggestions.. Suggestions aim to point out at major areas. more or less of them involve the concern on liquidity which has been mention ed earlier. . Recently, there are many business activities going on to support their expansions that involve mostly in long term investments. However, it seems that business finance their activities with short term liabilities as they increased significantly, Notes20. This is not a proper means of investment because, normally, short term liabilities are at higher interest rate and the payment due is sooner (amounts falling due less than a year is as high as 79? m from 23? m, Notes20), but business uses them for long term investments which take time to generate cash back.Business may soon suffer from low liquidity and inability to pay day-to-day expenses and interests as business pays back the cost of using money even before they make profit from the money borrowed. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 19 The evidence was supported by increased in Gearing ratio while, Current ratio, Acid test and Interest Cover ratio have significantly decreased. Although, interest expenses from bo rrowings reduce tax payable, business must ensure they have ability to pay interests and it is worth to do so.Unless they structure funding sources, they can go bankruptcy very soon because many long term projects will be implement next year. By doing so, business surely improves their liquidity and reduces financial risk for business itself as well as shareholders. 2. It was very risky that the Board has announced to maintain the same amount of dividend paid for three years while business is under investments/expansions and these two activities consume huge amount of money. Dividend amount is greater than profits after tax and interests business seemed to borrow current liabilities for cash dividend paid.This could be a good strategic mood to retain shareholders confidence on the successful implementation of EBS, instruction execution of the strategy and cost reduction initiatives will significantly improve financial performance over the next three years. However, it could turn to be the worst idea especially when liquidity is now in concern. The alternative solutions can be that business issues more shares so they use cash received to pay dividend or pay shareholders with stock dividends (dividend reinvestment plan) so they still retain cash in the business.These two alternatives will increase number of shares so, refer to Gearing ratio, financial risks can be trim back. Point 1&2 above suggest that business rearrange sources of funding by seeking for long term sources and bewares of overtrading. They are expanding, stocking more inventories, having more debtors but lack of cash to pay for creditorsnot only from normal trading but also interests from borrowing/loans. Although the Board seems to be sure that after all these investments come alive under well-managed plan for implementations they will urely benefit and guarantee long term prosperous to business, business may go bankruptcy even before reaching the goal. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 20 3. Businesss strategy to satisfy customers with around 350,000 products stocked globally, this can only do so efficiently. Although inventory turnover seems satisfied, acid test shows inventory greatly affects businesss liquidity. Business is suggested reconsider inventory policy to rearrange classes and only stock fast moving, high volume but low value items.For slow moving, low volume but high value items, business may decide to use pooled strategy by stocking them in one warehouse in location that can easily transport products to anywhere needed, Chopra and Sodhi (2004). 4. Business is expanding very much. Their performance on receivables collection period is slightly weaker because trading worldwide interfaces with many parties and increases procedures complexity. Business must ensure activities are in control and they have sufficient cash to pay creditors. 5. Regarding risks assessment (Business Review) it is wise to include isks from suppliers into consideration as they a re trading in competitive markets with enormous competitors and high penalties. Satisfying customers is vitally important therefore, this requires reliable suppliers as well as effective supply chain management for inventory management and reduce cost of sales. 6. It is suggested business focus on international markets especially North America and Asia which have higher revenue growth. Currently, North Americans e-commerce is account for only 10% of total sales. This is elatively low comparing to other regions. This may be a great opportunity to increase profits because sales can be increased through e-commerce while, costs are reduced from, for example, reduction in sales teams. (3,824 Words) Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 21 Question 2 Part A Cash Management. The significance of cash management in managing a business. Cash is one of the most important resources in running a business as Pizzey (1998) put that it is the life-blood of the business.However, cash is not profi t. Highly profitable businesses cease to exist just simply because they do not maintain sufficient cash to allow proper level of liquidity for example, paying for routine business expenses. While too much idle cash means inefficiency as it does not generate any added value to business. To avoid falling into either ends, business needs cash management. This can be done through preparing cash flow statement to examine past performance and include corrective actions/improvements in cash budget for future directions/guidelines.To illustrate, business can recognize transaction flows with sign factors identify risk because it allows for regular monitoring and control plan their money ahead such as acquiring funds from proper sources at commonsensical price rather than rushing into lenders when problems surprisingly happen, etc. We can therefore, say that ultimate significances of cash management are that business runs smoothly, stably is safe from insolvency and increases confidences fo r shareholders. refer of Production Managers role on the cash position of the business game.Refer to Year2 Cash Flow Statement (Appendix5) Major decisions that affected (negative) cash position were machine choice & bottle neck Machine Mark-I has longest leadtime. Work-in-process are slowly produced. Finished goods tie up waiting for workin-process before consolidating into batch delivery. The longitudinal leadtime, the longer business gets paid from customers and it is even longer from foreign markets. So it keeps borrowing more money to run business and paying interests. Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 22Routing At fist stage, Wolfs were produced from Mark-I which had most expensive unit cost of $m(5). This increased cost of sales and while price was fixed, business received less profit. susceptibility Business has already invested in Engineering&Quality and bought new factory. However, using Mark-I led to insufficient capacity decreased opportunity to win big contr acts and moderate sales volume. Business ended up with insufficient products to generates enough sales to cover all costs especially capital expenditure. Three issues above affected cash out-flows which led to extremely high negative cash position.One possible solution is to replace Mark-I with Mark-III to efficiently increase capacity. So leadtime is decreased stocks are reduced business tends to decrease debtors, increase profit, reduce loans and interest paid hence, cash position gets better. Comment on the impact of Production Managers role in managing the cash in a real business. Managing real business will involve more complex issuesunlike the game. The role affects managing cash in numbers of ways Control on scrap/defect rates to reduce cost of sales. Methods to manage defected products to minimise all costs related. Sequencing rule when thousands different product groups are produced/day, good sequencing is required to avoid delay, quality problems and unnecessary costs. The more costs increase, the less profit business gainsespecially in competitive markets where prices can hardly be increased, business suffer more severely. It is worth remembering some points decisions cannot be made in isolation as ones decisions affect others. All functions commitment is vitally important. Also, final decisions must be considered regarding companys For example, purchasing function cuts cost by enefits not a functions. ordering low quality materials. Additional costs pass on to inspection and production functions. Also, if customers reject products, there will be claiming Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 23 process, reverse logistic, and product replacement. All these increase costs for whole business no matter in which functions they occur. (541 Words) Part B (1) Budgeting Budgeting Budgeting comprises of two important parts, preparation and budgetary control, which will be described referring to FACS2.Preparation Business critically analyses internal a nd external environments/factors to formulate strategic plans that must be in line with business objectives. Business then sets up operational plans with properly identifying resource requirements to support strategies. This resource plans are finally translated into financial plans to complete a budget preparation. Budgetary control Budget is compared with actual figures. If variances occur, timely corrective actions are required involving sending feedbacks back for reviews and formulated plans and/or forecasts may be revised. These re continuous processes and required management component parts/commitments at all time so that intended benefits are surely achieved. The technique can leave to WinningMarginTM. Our objective is to lead Wolf markets and strategy is ensuring products are adequate for sales. We prepare production and sales budgets (Appendix6-7) showing maximum productions are 14 Terriers and 8 Wolfs with total sales $116. 6. From this point, purchasing coach knows how many exactly materials to order and when to prevent material shortage. Production autobus can effectively manage shift allocations.Financial manager can see how much money to borrow more as we plan to invest in engineering and quality next year. Moreover, commercial manager can evaluate market share correctly. All Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 24 functions know their responsibilities and control areas which help achieve the objective. In real business, all processes are much more complex and involve enormous factors such as competitors, substitute products, technologies, government legislations, as well as funding/borrowings which are not easy or fast as in the game. Also, business is legally committed to pay tax and interests which can be very high.More importantly, suppliers and customers are not always reliable. Late payments from customers or late delivers from suppliers can severely interrupt whole business plan/process. (298 Words) Part B (2) Marginal be Marginal Costing Marginal costing is a costing technique that helps business making decisions. We must understand cost behaviors to properly classify and, more importantly, control them. Total costs roughly comprised of variable costs, which changes with activity Dyson3 (2007) and fixed or time-based costs, which remain unchanged within a period of time unheeding of how many products produced.The difference between price and variable cost can be used to cover fixed costs and this is known as contribution. Business makes profit from any contribution amount exceeds fixed costs or loss, if insufficient contribution. Regarding WinningMarginTM, this technique would have helped our decision in choosing market. Appendix8 suggests we produce tiger because of highest contribution in both situations. However, we actually chose Wolf. To make profit from Wolfs we must produce 11 Wolfs (best case) or 76 Wolfs (worst case). However, our capacity is very limited due to machine constrains (Appendix6).This suggests we have adequate investments in engineering Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 25 quality and market development to get best available prices as well as enough contracts so that all products will be sold. Alternatively, we may replace MarkI with Mark-III to increase capacity hence, increase contribution and profit. In real business, marginal costing is more widely used for strategic decisions, for example Make or buy Normally making products in-house required more fixed costs. Business buy-in if increase in variable costs is less than fixed costs. Price incentives Reducing price can increase sales.Business reduce price if contribution from additional sales can cover total price reduction. Or increase price if contribution covers total sales lost. Comparing to real world, a number of costs are associated. To get best from the technique, business ensures they carefully distribute all costs to the right groups otherwise results can mislead decision-making and greatly affec ts business. (296 Words) Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 26 Appendix Appendix 1 Trend Analysis of Group Income Statement 2007 (? m) gross sales REVENUE 877. 5 877. 5 x 100 773. 9 2006 (? m) 828. 5 2005 (? m) 773. 9 113% 828. 5 x 100 773. 9 = 107% 100% (Cost of sales) 434 434 x 100 361. 8 402. 1 = 120% 402. 1 x 100 361. 8 361. 8 = 111% 100% GROSS PROFIT 443. 5 426. 4 = 103. 5% 412. 1 443. 5 x 100 412. 1 = 108% 426. 4 x 100 412. 1 100% (Distribution & marketing expenses) 346. 2 346. 2 x 100 303. 3 348. 9 = 114% 348. 9 x 100 303. 3 303. 3 = 115% 100% (Administrative expenses) 6. 2 6. 2 x 100 8 9 = 78% 9 x 100 8 8 = 113% 100% (Total operating expenses) 352. 4 357. 9 311. 3 OPERATING PROFIT 91. 1 91. 1 x 100 100. 8 68. 5 = 90% 68. 5 x 100 100. 8 100. 8 = 68% 100% Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 27Appendix 2 Vertical Analysis of Group Income Statement 2007 (? m) SALES REVENUE 877. 5 = 100% 828. 5 2006 (? m) = 100% 773. 9 2005 (? m) = 100% (Cost of sales) 434 434 x 100 877 . 5 402. 1 = 49% 402. 1 x 100 828. 5 361. 8 = 49% 361. 8 x 100 773. 9 = 47% GROSS PROFIT 443. 5 426. 4 412. 1 (Distribution & marketing expenses) 346. 2 348. 9 303. 3 346. 2 x 100 877. 5 = 39% 348. 9 x 100 828. 5 = 42% 303. 3 x 100 773. 9 = 39% (Administrative expenses) 6. 2 6. 2 x 100 877. 5 9 = 0. 7% 9 x 100 828. 5 8 = 1% 8 x 100 773. 9 = 1% (Total operating expenses) 352. 4 352. 4 x 100 877. 5 357. 9 = 40% 357. x 100 828. 5 311. 3 = 43% 311. 3 x 100 773. 9 = 40% OPERATING PROFIT 91. 1 68. 5 100. 8 Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 28 Appendix 3 Trend Analysis of Group Balance Sheet 2007 (? m) FIXED ASSETS Intangible Assets 2006 (? m) 2005 (? m) 196. 7 196. 7 x 100 191. 9 208. 2 = 102. 5% 208. 2 x 100 191. 9 191. 9 = 108. 5% 100% Property, plant, and equipment 111. 1 111. 1 x 100 110. 9 112. 8 = 100% 112. 8 x 100 110. 9 110. 9 = 102% 100% Investments another(prenominal) receivables Deferred tax assets Total fixed assets 0. 3 2. 7 14. 2 325 325 x 100 323. 2 0. 3 3. 2 17. 5 3 42 = 101% 342 x 100 323. 2 0. 2 2. 17. 4 323. 2 100% = 106% CURRENT ASSETS Inventories 160. 6 160. 6 x 100 142. 3 158. 6 = 113% 158. 6 x 100 142. 3 142. 3 = 111. 5% 100% Trade and other receivables 171 171 x 100 145. 1 162. 3 = 118% 162. 3 x 100 145. 1 145. 1 = 112% 100% Income tax receivable Cash & cash equivalents 1. 1 19. 1 19. 1 x 100 64. 8 1 39. 4 = 29. 5% 39. 4 x 100 64. 8 2. 2 64. 8 = 61% 100% Total current assets 351. 8 351. 8 x 100 354. 4 361. 3 = 99% 361. 3 x 100 354. 4 354. 4 = 102% 100% Total assets 676. 8 676. 8 x 100 677. 6 703. 3 = 100% 703. 3 x 100 677. 6 677. 6 = 104% 100% Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 29Appendix 3 Trend Analysis of Group Balance Sheet (Continued) 2007 (? m) CURRENT LIABILITIES Trade and other payables 2006 (? m) 2005 (? m) 132. 9 132. 9 x 100 109. 5 123. 5 = 121% 123. 5 x 100 109. 5 109. 5 = 113% 100% Loans and borrowings 79 79 x 100 27. 7 23 = 285% 23 x 100 27. 7 = 83% 27. 7 100% Tax liabilities Total current liabilities 14. 5 226. 4 226 . 4 x 100 155. 9 13. 3 159. 8 = 145% 159. 8 x 100 155. 9 18. 7 155. 9 = 103% 100% Net current assets 125. 4 125. 4 x 100 198. 5 201. 5 = 63% 201. 5 x 100 198. 5 = 102% 198. 5 100% 521. 7 100% Capital employed 450. 4 450. 4 x 100 521. 7 543. 5 = 86% 43. 5 x 100 521. 7 = 104% FIXED LIABILITIES Other payables Retirement benefits obligations Loans and borrowings 7. 9 38. 7 7. 8 41. 8 7. 6 47 76. 3 76. 3 x 100 92. 5 137. 2 = 82% 137. 2 x 100 92. 5 = 148% 92. 5 100% Deferred tax liabilities Total fixed liabilities 22. 9 145. 8 145. 8 x 100 166 20. 3 207. 1 = 88% 207. 1 x 100 166 18. 9 166 100% = 125% EQUITY Called-up share capital Share premium account Other reserves Total equity 43. 5 38. 7 222. 4 304. 6 43. 5 38. 4 254. 5 336. 4 43. 5 38. 4 273. 8 355. 7 Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 30 Appendix 4 Vertical Analysis of Group Balance Sheet 007 (? m) FIXED ASSETS Intangible Assets 2006 (? m) 2005 (? m) 196. 7 196. 7 x 100 325 208. 2 = 60. 5% 208. 2 x 100 342 191. 9 = 60. 9% Prope rty, plant, and equipment 111. 1 111. 1 x 100 325 112. 8 = 34% 112. 8 x 100 342 110. 9 = 33% Investments Other receivables Deferred tax assets Total fixed assets 0. 3 2. 7 14. 2 325 = 100% 0. 3 3. 2 17. 5 342 = 100% 0. 2 2. 8 17. 4 323. 2 CURRENT ASSETS Inventories 160. 6 160. 6 x 100 351. 8 158. 6 = 45. 7% 158. 6 x 100 361. 3 142. 3 = 44% Trade and other receivables 171 171 x 100 351. 8 162. 3 = 48. 6% 162. 3 x 100 361. 3 145. 1 = 45%Income tax receivables Cash & cash equivalents 1. 1 1 2. 2 19. 1 19. 1 x 100 351. 8 39. 4 = 5. 4% 39. 4 x 100 361. 3 64. 8 = 11% Total current assets 351. 8 = 100% 361. 3 = 100% 354. 4 Total assets 676. 8 703. 3 677. 6 Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 31 Appendix 4 Vertical Analysis of Group Balance Sheet (Continued) 2007 (? m) CURRENT LIABILITIES Trade and other payables 2006 (? m) 2005 (? m) 132. 9 132. 9 x 100 226. 4 123. 5 = 59% 123. 5 x 100 159. 8 109. 5 = 77. 3% 109. 5 x 100 155. 9 = 70% Loans and borrowings 79 79 x 100 226. 4 23 = 35% 23 x 100 159. 8 27. 7 = 14. 4% 27. 7 x 100 155. 9 = 18%Tax liabilities Total current liabilities Net current assets Capital employed FIXED LIABILITIES Other payables Retirement benefits obligations Loans and borrowings 14. 5 226. 4 = 100% 13. 3 159. 8 = 100% 18. 7 155. 9 = 100% 125. 4 450. 4 201. 5 543. 5 198. 5 521. 7 7. 9 38. 7 7. 8 41. 8 7. 6 47 76. 3 76. 3 x 100 145. 8 137. 2 = 52% 137. 2 x 100 207. 1 92. 5 = 66% 92. 5 x 100 166 = 56% Deferred tax liabilities Total fixed liabilities EQUITY Called-up share capital Share premium account Other reserves Total equity 22. 9 145. 8 = 100% 20. 3 207. 1 = 100% 18. 9 166 = 100% 43. 5 38. 7 222. 4 304. 6 43. 5 38. 4 254. 5 336. 4 43. 5 38. 273. 8 355. 7 Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 32 Appendix 5 Year 2 Cash Flow Statement of Simulation Game (Reconciling profit to cash) Year 2 Cash Flow Statement Profit before interest Add Depreciation Movements in working capital (Increase)/Derease in stock (Increase)/Derease in debtors Increase/(D erease) in debtors Financing costs and taxation Interest paid Dividends paid Tax paid Investing activities Capital expenditure Disposal of assets Cash generated/(consumed) in year Financing activities Loans raised/(repaid) Other Increase/(Decrease) in cash in year $m (14) 6 (8) (13) (24) 0 (45) (10) 0 0 (55) (34) 0 (89) 0 0 (19) Appendix 6 Production Budget Factory 1 Machine Mark-I Mark-I Mark-I Mark-II Mark-III Mark-III Mark-III Mark-III Q1 Te Te Te Te Wo Te Wo Te Te Te Wo Te Wo Total (22) Q2 Te Q3 Q4 Total units Terrier Wolf 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 14 8 Tiger 2 Te Wo Te Wo Te Wo Te Wo 3 Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 33 Appendix 7 Sales Budget Terrier Opening finished stock (Q1) Production (from Production Budget) Available for sales call unsold finished stock (Q4) Sales Direct costs $s Sales value $s 0 14 14 0 14 142 = 28 144. = 63 Units Wolf 0 8 8 0 8 84 = 32 86. 7 = 53. 6 Tiger Total 60 116. 6 Appendix 8 Optimizing Contribution Terrier Best Worst 5 3 2 2 3 1 13 38 Wolf Best Worst 7. 5 5. 5 4 5 3. 5 0. 5 11 76 Tiger Best Worst 10. 5 8. 5 6 7 4. 5 1. 5 9 26 Sales value Variable cost Unit contribution Break-even volume (Fixed cost of ? 38) Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 34 References Business Review Electrocomponents plcs annual report and accounts 2007, p. 8-13 Chairman Statement Electrocomponents plcs annual report and accounts 2007, p. Chief Executives Review Electrocomponents plcs annual report and accounts 2007, p. 7 Chopra and Sodhi (2004) Managing risk to avoid supply-chain breakdown, MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall 2004, p. 53-61 Dyson1 J R (2007) Profitability Ratios, Accounting for Non-Accounting Students, Pearson Education Limited, England, 7th Edition, p. 230 Dyson2 J R (2007) Profitability Ratios, Accounting for Non-Accounting Students, Pearson Education Limited, England, 7th Edition, p. 230Dyson3 (2007) Direct costs, Accounting for Non-Accounting Students, Pearson Education Limited, England, 7th Edition, p. 293 FACS1 Financ ial Analysis and control systems module pack, WMG, Winning MarginTM, p. 14 (2007) FACS2 Financial Analysis and control systems module pack, WMG, Budget and Budgetary Control, 2007 FACS3 Financial Analysis and control systems module pack, WMG, Marginal Costing, 2007 Group Balance Sheet Electrocomponents plcs annual report and accounts 2007, p. 25 Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258) FACS Page 35Group Cash Flow Statement Electrocomponents plcs annual report and accounts 2007, p. 26 Group Income Statement Electrocomponents plcs annual report and accounts 2007, p. 24 Notes 1 30 Please refer to Notes to the Group Accounts, Electrocomponents plcs annual report and accounts 2007, p. 29-45 Pizzey A (1998) Cash the life-blood of the business, Finance and Accounting for Non-Specialist Students, Financial Times, Pitman Publishing, England, p. 83 Webpage1 About Us, Low Cost Infrastructure, Electrocomponents plc webpage, online, http//www. lectrocomponents. com/ecm/about/strategy/infrastructure / Webpage2 About Us, Our History, Electrocomponents plc webpage, online, http//www. electrocomponents. com/ecm/about/history/ Webpage3 Investor Center, Historic Trends, Electrocomponents plc webpage, online, http//www. electrocomponents. com/ecm/ir/finperformance/trends Webpage4 Our Responsibilities, Corporate Governance, Electrocomponents plc webpage, online, http//www. electrocomponents. com/ecm/responsibilities/corpgov/ Chutsana Na Nagara (0654258)

Salary Surveys

The juristic field in the United States is constantly changing. Assisting attorneys is no longer a one title job. An attorney can bring up his or her assist a legal assistant, a legal assistant, a legal secretary, and so on and so forth. The process to become an attorneys assistant is also changing. Many attorneys in the United States prefer to choose paralegals.The American Bar Association defines a paralegal as a person, qualified by education, training, or browse ascertain, who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law pip, corporation, governmental agency or other entity and who performs specific tout ensembley delegated substantive legal work for which the lawyer is responsible (American Bar Association, 1997). This broad definition allows a great variant in the hire paid to a paralegal. An entry take aim paralegal in Knoxville, Tennessee can expect to earn $35,000 per year according to www. salary. com.An entry level paralegal is defined as a paralegal with 0-2 histor ic period experience, and may or may non possess an Associates Degree in paralegal studies. In comparison, a legal assistant with five or more years experience and a bachelors degree can expect to earn $55,000 per year. The salary ranges throughout the state of Tennessee for paralegals are standard. This is not the case throughout the United States. Each state within the United States must account for speak to of living. The cost of living in Southern calcium is significantly higher per year than the cost of living in Tennessee.The salaries that are paid to employees need to reflect this cost of living, at least to some degree. concord to www. salary. com, an entry level paralegal in San Diego, CA can expect to earn $40,000 per year. A paralegal with five or more years of experience and a bachelors degree can expect to earn $70,000 per year. Cost of living is not the only reason for differences in pay ground on character. Competition, education, and demand for certain positions also plays a part in the salary an employee can expect to earn.For example, in San Diego, CA major universities offer paralegal programs at the bachelors degree level. Because of this attorneys expect to hire the best ameliorate paralegal, and a paralegal with only an associates degree will not be able to compete for jobs effectively in this region. In contrast, Tennessee does not offer very many paralegal programs at the bachelors degree level. The legal age of paralegal programs in Tennessee are either certificate programs or associates degree programs. Population plays a major role in salary variants.The population of Knoxville, Tennessee does not require as many attorneys. The attorneys that do work in Knoxville, Tennessee most likely do not have the same work load as those attorneys who work in San Diego, California and do not need the same level of support form a paralegal. This also causes these attorneys to hire paralegals at a lower wage. The heart and soul of money a p erson living in Knoxville, Tennessee can afford to pay an attorney is also less. Since attorneys in Knoxville, Tennessee earn less than attorneys in San Diego, California, the paralegals will also earn less.Another factor that affects the salary a paralegal will receive is area of law. A paralegal working for the US Attorneys office in Knoxville, Tennessee can expect to make the same salary as a paralegal working for a private practice attorney in San Diego, California, educating and experience being equal. However, that same paralegal working for the US Attorneys office in San Diego, California can expect to earn $5 more per hour than he or she did working in the same capacity in Knoxville, Tennessee. The area of law that a paralegal chooses to work in has a major impact on the salary received.By obtaining a bachelors degree and a graduate level paralegal certificate, obtaining a competitive salary in Knoxville, Tennessee has been disappointing compared to the salaries available in San Diego, California. However, due to the lower cost of living, a lower salary is acceptable. Holding a bachelors degree and a graduate level paralegal certificate also assists a paralegal in competing more effectively for the jobs that are available in Knoxville, Tennessee. The majority of the paralegals in Knoxville, Tennessee only possess an Associates degree in paralegal studies or relevant experience.These paralegals consistently earn less than a paralegal with a higher level of education, which is fair under the circumstances. Paralegals who have achieved a lesser amount of education can have a tendency to resent the inconsistencies in salary. Many of these paralegals feel that they are doing the same job as the more educated paralegal and should be receiving equal compensation. However, through further investigation one would conclude that a more highly educated paralegal will be allowed to conduct more research, write briefs, and work with minimal attorney supervision.This is in stark contrast to a paralegal with a lower level of education. In order to adjust for the inconsistencies in pay, an organization will usually offer bonuses for extra work put in as well as promotions. It is third estate practice to promote a paralegal with years of experience even if that paralegal is lacking in education. The promotion rate for a paralegal with a lower level of education may be on a slower timeline than that of a paralegal with a higher level of education, but this is an assay to minimize the inconsistencies in salary.Receiving an adequate salary for a paralegal can be a complicated task. Many factors exist that provide for inconsistencies in salary. The region of the country a paralegal lives in, the type of law the paralegal works in, the amount of experience the paralegal has, and the level of education a paralegal has obtained all play a role in determining how much a paralegal should be paid. Reviewing the education programs available at the American Association for Paralegal Education will assist paralegals in receiving the highest possible salary throughout their career.